Difference between revisions of "Rhetoric"
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| − | + | A body of rules which serve in order to produce texts ‘according to the rules of art’ | |
| − | A body of rules to produce | + | (either written or spoken) |
| + | |||
| + | ==Purpose of Rhetoric== | ||
| + | The purpose of rhetoric is to persuade: intellectually (docere) and emotionally (delectare, movere). | ||
| + | |||
| + | *DOCERE: using LOGOS (appeal to reason) | ||
| + | *DELECTARE: using ETHOS (appeal to character) | ||
| + | *MOVERE: using PATHOS (appeal to emotion) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Structure== | ||
| + | A speech, according to the classical pattern, has four parts: | ||
| + | |||
| + | #EXORDIUM (prooimion, introduction, Einleitung) | ||
| + | #NARRATIO (diegesis, narration, Erzählung) | ||
| + | #ARGUMENTATIO (pistis, argument, Beweis) | ||
| + | #PERORATIO (epilogos, conclusion, Schluß) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Stylistic Levels== | ||
| + | (Note: one may find different stylistic levels in the same text, their use depends on the desired effect) | ||
| + | |||
| + | *GENUS HUMILE: low style, plain style, close to everyday speech, possibly even colloquial. Characteristics: simple, mainly conventional usage, little ‘ornament’, few figures of speech | ||
| + | *GENUS MEDIUM or MIXTUM: middle or mixed style, often used in learned dissertations, designed to “delight” rather than “move” the audience; tends to be used in (some) poetry, in comedy etc. Characteristics: ample use of tropes, embellishments, | ||
| + | *GENUS GRANDE or GRAVE or SUBLIME: high or sublime style, solemn, emphatic, passionate, designed to move the audience, tends to be used in tragedies, eulogies, heroic epics etc. Characteristics: complex syntax, unconventional word order, unconventional figures of speech, rhythmicized language | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Traditional Steps for Preparing a Speech== | ||
| + | 5 partes artis: | ||
| + | |||
| + | 1. INVENTIO: (heuresis, invention, Erfindung) | ||
| + | ::a mnemonic verse from the 16th century: | ||
| + | :::Who, what and where, by what help, and by whose: | ||
| + | :::Why, how, and when, do many things disclose | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2. DISPOSITIO (taxis, arrangement, Anordnung): arrangement (cf. above ‘structure’)<br> | ||
| + | 3. ELOCUTIO (lexis, style, Stil)<br> | ||
| + | 4. MEMORIA (mneme, memorizing, Gedächtnis)<br> | ||
| + | 5. ACTIO or PRONUNTIATIO (hypokrisis, execution, Vortrag)<br> | ||
| + | |||
| − | ==Genres of | + | ==Genres of Speeches== |
| + | |||
{|cellpadding=5| | {|cellpadding=5| | ||
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|bgcolor=#B9EEFF|Topic | |bgcolor=#B9EEFF|Topic | ||
|bgcolor=#efefef|Honour/Dishonour | |bgcolor=#efefef|Honour/Dishonour | ||
| − | |bgcolor=#efefef| | + | |bgcolor=#efefef|Advantage/Detriment |
|bgcolor=#efefef|Justice/Injustice | |bgcolor=#efefef|Justice/Injustice | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 26: | Line 63: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|bgcolor=#B9EEFF|Example | |bgcolor=#B9EEFF|Example | ||
| − | |bgcolor=#efefef|Praise, libel, gratulatory texts, ode etc. | + | |bgcolor=#efefef|Praise (panegyric), libel, gratulatory texts, ode etc. |
|bgcolor=#efefef|Political speech, didactical purposes, sermon | |bgcolor=#efefef|Political speech, didactical purposes, sermon | ||
|bgcolor=#efefef|Speech at court, pamphlet, satire, apology | |bgcolor=#efefef|Speech at court, pamphlet, satire, apology | ||
| Line 32: | Line 69: | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | + | ==How to learn Rhetoric== | |
| − | + | How to acquire the methods of rhetoric? | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | *ARS: command of rhetorical techniques | |
| − | + | *IMITATIO: imitation of exemplary models | |
| − | + | *EXERCITATIO: practice | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | ==How to learn Rhetoric== | + | |
| − | How to acquire the methods of rhetoric? | + | |
| − | *ARS: command of | + | |
| − | *IMITATIO: imitation of exemplary models | + | |
| − | *EXERCITATIO: practice | + | |
| − | + | :[source: Heinrich F. Plett, ''Einführung in die rhetorische Textanalyse'', Hamburg ²1973 [1971], 3-22, 102-105.] | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
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==Weblinks== | ==Weblinks== | ||
| Line 62: | Line 82: | ||
[http://www.fernuni-hagen.de/EUROL/termini/1000.htm Rhetorik, Fernuni Hagen] | [http://www.fernuni-hagen.de/EUROL/termini/1000.htm Rhetorik, Fernuni Hagen] | ||
| − | [[Category:Handout]] | + | [[Category:Handout:Literature and Culture]] |
Latest revision as of 09:36, 4 November 2008
A body of rules which serve in order to produce texts ‘according to the rules of art’ (either written or spoken)
Purpose of Rhetoric
The purpose of rhetoric is to persuade: intellectually (docere) and emotionally (delectare, movere).
- DOCERE: using LOGOS (appeal to reason)
- DELECTARE: using ETHOS (appeal to character)
- MOVERE: using PATHOS (appeal to emotion)
Structure
A speech, according to the classical pattern, has four parts:
- EXORDIUM (prooimion, introduction, Einleitung)
- NARRATIO (diegesis, narration, Erzählung)
- ARGUMENTATIO (pistis, argument, Beweis)
- PERORATIO (epilogos, conclusion, Schluß)
Stylistic Levels
(Note: one may find different stylistic levels in the same text, their use depends on the desired effect)
- GENUS HUMILE: low style, plain style, close to everyday speech, possibly even colloquial. Characteristics: simple, mainly conventional usage, little ‘ornament’, few figures of speech
- GENUS MEDIUM or MIXTUM: middle or mixed style, often used in learned dissertations, designed to “delight” rather than “move” the audience; tends to be used in (some) poetry, in comedy etc. Characteristics: ample use of tropes, embellishments,
- GENUS GRANDE or GRAVE or SUBLIME: high or sublime style, solemn, emphatic, passionate, designed to move the audience, tends to be used in tragedies, eulogies, heroic epics etc. Characteristics: complex syntax, unconventional word order, unconventional figures of speech, rhythmicized language
Traditional Steps for Preparing a Speech
5 partes artis:
1. INVENTIO: (heuresis, invention, Erfindung)
- a mnemonic verse from the 16th century:
- Who, what and where, by what help, and by whose:
- Why, how, and when, do many things disclose
- a mnemonic verse from the 16th century:
2. DISPOSITIO (taxis, arrangement, Anordnung): arrangement (cf. above ‘structure’)
3. ELOCUTIO (lexis, style, Stil)
4. MEMORIA (mneme, memorizing, Gedächtnis)
5. ACTIO or PRONUNTIATIO (hypokrisis, execution, Vortrag)
Genres of Speeches
| Genus demonstrativum | Genus deliberativum | Genus iudiciale | |
| Topic | Honour/Dishonour | Advantage/Detriment | Justice/Injustice |
| Function | Praise/Reprimand | Admonition/Warning | Accusation/Defence |
| Temporal Reference | Present | Future | Past |
| Example | Praise (panegyric), libel, gratulatory texts, ode etc. | Political speech, didactical purposes, sermon | Speech at court, pamphlet, satire, apology |
How to learn Rhetoric
How to acquire the methods of rhetoric?
- ARS: command of rhetorical techniques
- IMITATIO: imitation of exemplary models
- EXERCITATIO: practice
- [source: Heinrich F. Plett, Einführung in die rhetorische Textanalyse, Hamburg ²1973 [1971], 3-22, 102-105.]
