Difference between revisions of "Rhetoric"
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| − | == | + | A body of rules which serve in order to produce texts ‘according to the rules of art’ |
| + | (either written or spoken) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Purpose of Rhetoric== | ||
| + | The purpose of rhetoric is to persuade: intellectually (docere) and emotionally (delectare, movere). | ||
| + | |||
| + | *DOCERE: using LOGOS (appeal to reason) | ||
| + | *DELECTARE: using ETHOS (appeal to character) | ||
| + | *MOVERE: using PATHOS (appeal to emotion) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Structure== | ||
| + | A speech, according to the classical pattern, has four parts: | ||
| + | |||
| + | #EXORDIUM (prooimion, introduction, Einleitung) | ||
| + | #NARRATIO (diegesis, narration, Erzählung) | ||
| + | #ARGUMENTATIO (pistis, argument, Beweis) | ||
| + | #PERORATIO (epilogos, conclusion, Schluß) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Stylistic Levels== | ||
| + | (Note: one may find different stylistic levels in the same text, their use depends on the desired effect) | ||
| + | |||
| + | *GENUS HUMILE: low style, plain style, close to everyday speech, possibly even colloquial. Characteristics: simple, mainly conventional usage, little ‘ornament’, few figures of speech | ||
| + | *GENUS MEDIUM or MIXTUM: middle or mixed style, often used in learned dissertations, designed to “delight” rather than “move” the audience; tends to be used in (some) poetry, in comedy etc. Characteristics: ample use of tropes, embellishments, | ||
| + | *GENUS GRANDE or GRAVE or SUBLIME: high or sublime style, solemn, emphatic, passionate, designed to move the audience, tends to be used in tragedies, eulogies, heroic epics etc. Characteristics: complex syntax, unconventional word order, unconventional figures of speech, rhythmicized language | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Traditional Steps for Preparing a Speech== | ||
| + | 5 partes artis: | ||
| + | |||
| + | #INVENTIO: (heuresis, invention, Erfindung) | ||
| + | ::a mnemonic verse from the 16th century: | ||
| + | :::Who, what and where, by what help, and by whose: | ||
| + | :::Why, how, and when, do many things disclose | ||
| + | #DISPOSITIO (taxis, arrangement, Anordnung): arrangement (cf. above ‘structure’) | ||
| + | #ELOCUTIO (lexis, style, Stil) | ||
| + | #MEMORIA (mneme, memorizing, Gedächtnis) | ||
| + | #ACTIO or PRONUNTIATIO (hypokrisis, execution, Vortrag) | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ==Genres of Speeches== | ||
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| − | + | ==How to learn Rhetoric== | |
| − | + | How to acquire the methods of rhetoric? | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | *ARS: command of rhetorical techniques | |
| − | + | *IMITATIO: imitation of exemplary models | |
| − | + | *EXERCITATIO: practice | |
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| − | ==How to learn Rhetoric== | + | |
| − | How to acquire the methods of rhetoric? | + | |
| − | *ARS: command of | + | |
| − | *IMITATIO: imitation of exemplary models | + | |
| − | *EXERCITATIO: practice | + | |
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==Weblinks== | ==Weblinks== | ||
Revision as of 11:37, 11 May 2007
A body of rules which serve in order to produce texts ‘according to the rules of art’
(either written or spoken)
Purpose of Rhetoric
The purpose of rhetoric is to persuade: intellectually (docere) and emotionally (delectare, movere).
- DOCERE: using LOGOS (appeal to reason)
- DELECTARE: using ETHOS (appeal to character)
- MOVERE: using PATHOS (appeal to emotion)
Structure
A speech, according to the classical pattern, has four parts:
- EXORDIUM (prooimion, introduction, Einleitung)
- NARRATIO (diegesis, narration, Erzählung)
- ARGUMENTATIO (pistis, argument, Beweis)
- PERORATIO (epilogos, conclusion, Schluß)
Stylistic Levels
(Note: one may find different stylistic levels in the same text, their use depends on the desired effect)
- GENUS HUMILE: low style, plain style, close to everyday speech, possibly even colloquial. Characteristics: simple, mainly conventional usage, little ‘ornament’, few figures of speech
- GENUS MEDIUM or MIXTUM: middle or mixed style, often used in learned dissertations, designed to “delight” rather than “move” the audience; tends to be used in (some) poetry, in comedy etc. Characteristics: ample use of tropes, embellishments,
- GENUS GRANDE or GRAVE or SUBLIME: high or sublime style, solemn, emphatic, passionate, designed to move the audience, tends to be used in tragedies, eulogies, heroic epics etc. Characteristics: complex syntax, unconventional word order, unconventional figures of speech, rhythmicized language
Traditional Steps for Preparing a Speech
5 partes artis:
- INVENTIO: (heuresis, invention, Erfindung)
- a mnemonic verse from the 16th century:
- Who, what and where, by what help, and by whose:
- Why, how, and when, do many things disclose
- a mnemonic verse from the 16th century:
- DISPOSITIO (taxis, arrangement, Anordnung): arrangement (cf. above ‘structure’)
- ELOCUTIO (lexis, style, Stil)
- MEMORIA (mneme, memorizing, Gedächtnis)
- ACTIO or PRONUNTIATIO (hypokrisis, execution, Vortrag)
Genres of Speeches
| Genus demonstrativum | Genus deliberativum | Genus iudiciale | |
| Topic | Honour/Dishonour | Use/Detriment | Justice/Injustice |
| Function | Praise/Reprimand | Admonition/Warning | Accusation/Defence |
| Temporal Reference | Present | Future | Past |
| Example | Praise, libel, gratulatory texts, ode etc. | Political speech, didactical purposes, sermon | Speech at court, pamphlet, satire, apology |
How to learn Rhetoric
How to acquire the methods of rhetoric?
- ARS: command of rhetorical techniques
- IMITATIO: imitation of exemplary models
- EXERCITATIO: practice
