Tropes (Tropen)

any expression which implies a transference of meaning

Simile

explicit/overt comparison, ‘as’, ‘like’. Example: I wandered lonely as a cloud (Wordsworth).

implicit/covert comparison without the usage of 'as' or 'like'. Example: Achilles is a lion in battle (lion= vehicle; Achilles = tenor)

replaces one expression by another, which has a spatial, temporal, or logical connection with it.

Example: I'll have a glass or two.

a part stands for the whole, or vice versa.

Example: The Vatican has commented on recent events.

a set of analogies.

Example: 'Justice' as a woman with sword, balance and eye patch.

an object which is assigned an underlying meaning.

Example: It was the nightingale, and not the lark (Shakespeare, R&J).