BM2-3 Anglophone Expansion:Timeline
From Angl-Am
Revision as of 18:32, 24 October 2008 by Olaf Simons (Talk | contribs)
Contents
- 1 Global anglophone culture
- 2 Prehistoric Times
- 3 Celts
- 4 Romans
- 5 Angels, Saxons, Jutes
- 6 Roman Catholicism
- 7 Vikings, Danes
- 8 Franco-Norman and French Influence
- 9 The British as Naval Power
- 10 Great Britain and North American Colonies
- 11 Great Britain and Westindies
- 12 Great Britain and Africa
- 13 Great Britain and India
- 14 Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand
- 15 Great Britain and Canada
- 16 USA and Latin America
- 17 USA and Europe
- 18 USA and East Asia
- 19 USA and Middle East
Global anglophone culture
Prehistoric Times
- 700,000 years ago: human settlements on later British soil, the later British Islands still part of the continental shelf. Several several glacial and interglacial periods in which hunter-gatherers appear and reappear
- 70,000 and 10,000 years ago: last ice age, extreme cold snap between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago
- 7500 to 6000 years ago: Meltwater causes see level rise of 120 m, and separation of Ireland from Britsh mainland, and of British isles from continental shelf
- Stone age settlements by peoples who might have sopken an early version of modern Basque (genetic evidence, megalith culture)
- 3100-1600 BC Stonehenge in use. Similar constructs of megalith culture can be found all over western Europe
- Prehistoric hill figures like the Uffington White Horse (1400 and 600 BC)
Celts
- 500-50 BC predominance of Celtic culture. map, distribution till 50 BC. Different theories based on linguistic and genetic evidence:
- Invasions of early iron age tribes of the Hallstatt culture, or
- Gradual cultural development following western and central European developments
- 50 BC celitic language(s) spoken throughout the British isles
- 43-410 Romanisation of Celts in modern England
- 410-600 Retreat of Celts under pressure of Anglo-Saxon tribes to Wales and French Brittany, see Wikipedia article on Breton language (alternative theory: Brittany developed as part of the western Celtic culture).
Romans
- 51 BC Julius Caesar tries to invade Britsih isles
- 41 AD second Roman attempt to set foot on British isles
- 43 Roman 4-5 legions (40,000 soldiers) led by Aulus Plautius invade British mainland (called for military support by Britsih tribes against northern Picts. Londinium (London) founded that year
- Roman infrastructure, fortified towns connected by roads, exploitation of Gold and silver mines as lucrative target.
- 122 Hadrian’s wall begun, with 12 fortresses
- 142 Antonine's wall map
- 3rd century first Christian communities
- 360 period of instability begins with attacks of Picts, Scots and Saxons
- 408-410 Romans leave Great Britain, power vacuum
Angels, Saxons, Jutes
- Invasion theory according to Bede’s Chronicle (731)
- 360-410 Germanic mercenaries in Britain
- 449 Vortigern calls Saxon leaders to protect his kingdom against Picts
- Waves of Saxons, Angels and Jutes found kingdoms on British soil
- Celtic tribes retreat to Wales and settle in French Brittany
- 597 Begin of Christianisation under St. Augustin
- conflicts between Anglo-Saxon kingdoms over supremacy Heptarchy
- Wessex gains supremacy under Alfred the Great (871-899)
- Alternative theory: History of long standing contacts with presence of germanisc culture and (generally peaceful) mix of populations. Debate based on discussion of written sources, language analysis, archaeology , and (since the 1990s) genetics.
- See Wikipedia articles Anglo-Saxon, Old English
- Timeline of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain according to historical sources
Roman Catholicism
Vikings, Danes
- Viking raids of monestaries and towns that can be reached throgh rivers
- Viking settlements in northern England (cultural integration, so language evidence)
- 1014-1042 Danish Rule, Aethelred forced to flee to France, succession ends with son of Canute the Great
- 1042 Aethered‘s son – married into Franco-Norman family – seizes throne (hence later French claims on English crown)
- Vikings occupy Orkney and Shetland, strong ties between Scotland, Ireland and Scandinavia
- Words of Old Norse origin