BM2-3 Anglophone Expansion:Timeline

Global anglophone culture

• Origin of English words

Prehistoric Times

• 700,000 years ago: human settlements on later British soil, the later British Islands still part of the continental shelf. Several several glacial and interglacial periods in which hunter-gatherers appear and reappear
• 70,000 and 10,000 years ago: last ice age, extreme cold snap between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago
• 7500 to 6000 years ago: Meltwater causes see level rise of 120 m, and separation of Ireland from Britsh mainland, and of British isles from continental shelf
• Stone age settlements by peoples who might have sopken an early version of modern Basque (genetic evidence, megalith culture)
• 3100-1600 BC Stonehenge in use. Similar constructs of megalith culture can be found all over western Europe
• Prehistoric hill figures like the Uffington White Horse (1400 and 600 BC)

Celts

• 500-50 BC predominance of Celtic culture. map, distribution till 50 BC. Different theories based on linguistic and genetic evidence:

• Invasions of early iron age tribes of the Hallstatt culture, or
• Gradual cultural development following western and central European developments

• 50 BC celitic language(s) spoken throughout the British isles
• 43-410 Romanisation of Celts in modern England
• 410-600 Retreat of Celts under pressure of Anglo-Saxon tribes to Wales and French Brittany, see Wikipedia article on Breton language (alternative theory: Brittany developed as part of the western Celtic culture).

Romans

• 51 BC Julius Caesar tries to invade Britsih isles
• 41 AD second Roman attempt to set foot on British isles
• 43 Roman 4-5 legions (40,000 soldiers) led by Aulus Plautius invade British mainland (called for military support by Britsih tribes against northern Picts. Londinium (London) founded that year
• Roman infrastructure, fortified towns connected by roads, exploitation of Gold and silver mines as lucrative target.
• 122 Hadrian’s wall begun, with 12 fortresses
• 142 Antonine's wall map
• 3rd century first Christian communities
• 360 period of instability begins with attacks of Picts, Scots and Saxons
• 408-410 Romans leave Great Britain, power vacuum

Angels, Saxons, Jutes

• Invasion theory according to Bede’s Chronicle (731)

• 360-410 Germanic mercenaries in Britain
• 449 Vortigern calls Saxon leaders to protect his kingdom against Picts
• Waves of Saxons, Angels and Jutes found kingdoms on British soil
• Celtic tribes retreat to Wales and settle in French Brittany
• 597 Begin of Christianisation under St. Augustin
• conflicts between Anglo-Saxon kingdoms over supremacy Heptarchy
• Wessex gains supremacy under Alfred the Great (871-899)

• Alternative theory: History of long standing contacts with presence of germanisc culture and (generally peaceful) mix of populations. Debate based on discussion of written sources, language analysis, archaeology , and (since the 1990s) genetics.
• See Wikipedia articles Anglo-Saxon, Old English
• Timeline of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain according to historical sources

Vikings, Danes

• Viking raids of monestaries and towns that can be reached throgh rivers
• Viking settlements in northern England (cultural integration, so language evidence)
• 1014-1042 Danish Rule, Aethelred forced to flee to France, succession ends with son of Canute the Great
• 1042 Aethered‘s son – married into Franco-Norman family – seizes throne (hence later French claims on English crown)
• Vikings occupy Orkney and Shetland, strong ties between Scotland, Ireland and Scandinavia
• See Words of Old Norse origin
• See Wikipedia article of Skandinavian Runstones that refer to England

Franco-Norman and French Influence

• English words of French origin
• 1002 Aethelred II marries Emma, daughter of the Duke of Normandy. Edward the Confessor is their son. Ties with France begin here. Emmas second maraige is with Canute the Great of Denmark and King of England till 1035 - Edward hence half brother to Canute's son and scuccessor Cantue III who died after two years in power, leaving the throne to Edward.
• 1041-1066 Edward the Confessor King of England
• 1066 Battle of Hastings, Franco-Norman William I becomes English King. See Wikipedia on Norman Conquest of England
• 1154 Succession: Power goes from House of Normandy to House of Plantagenet
• 1164 law reform under Henry II to the advantage of the crown
• 1204 French troupes occupy Rouen, begin of conflicts of House of Plantagenet with France
• 1215 John Lackland has to grant the Magna Carta to avoid conflict with English barons, parliament and civil rights strengthened
• Henry III (1216-1272) increases French influence, conflicts with English Barons
• Eduard I (1227-1307)
• 1339-1453 Hundred Years War against France, rise of English Nationalism

The British as Naval Power

• 1585-1604 Conflicts with Spain (Francis Drake and the Armada) over Naval Supremacy and Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium) and Ireland. Resolved with peace treaty that delays colonisation. Leads, howevever to British aspirations to become a global player on the seas.
• 1660-1689 Rivalry with Netherlands, the leading international trader after decline of the Spanish and Portuguese
• 1690-1880 British Empire more or less (Napoleonic Wars around 1800) unchallenged
• 1870-1914 Rise of USA and Germany

England/ Great Britain and its North American Colonies

See wikipedia List of British Colonies with historical annotation

• 1497-1583 Newfoundland claimed by England, 1583-1949 colony
• 1586 Carolina setlement, colony since 1663
• 1607 Virginia, 1624-1776 crown colony, 1776 declared independent as part of the United States, 1783 Sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain
• 1610 Cuper's Cove, abandoned in 1621
• 1610 Renews, abandoned in 1623
• 1618 Bristol's Hope, abandoned in 1631
• 1621 Nova Scotia, Scottish colony till Nova Scotia 1632, 1654-1670, 1690-1691, 1710-1713 English British occupations, colony from 1713 till 1867, since then province of Canada
• 1623 Avalon, part of Newfoundland since 1637
• 1623 South Falkland close to Newfoundland, colony, abandoned in 1626
• 1670-1870 Rupert's Land, possession of Hudson's Bay Company. Nominally included territory that is now part of the Canadian territories and provinces of Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon (until 1858), British Columbia (until 1858), Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and (until 1818) parts of the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota, 1870 incorporated into Canada
• 1732 Georgia, proprietary colony, 1755-1776 crown colony, 1776 declared independent as part of the United States, 1778-1782 British occupation, 1783 sovereignty formally relinquished by Great Britain
• 1749 Prince Edward Island or New Ireland or St. John's Island occupied and colony since 1769, becomes part of Nova Scotia
• 1763 Labrador paret of Newfoundland, 1774-1809 part of Quebec, 1809 annexed to Newfoundland, now part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
• 1763 East and West Florida, British colony till 1783, returned to Spanish sovereignty, today part of the state of Florida, United States
• 1784 New Brunswick, separated from Nova Scotia, since 1867 province of Canada
• 1791 Upper and Lower Canada, both united in 1841 to form the Province of Canada
• 1841 Canada
• 1849 Vancouver Island, crown colony till 1866, then merged into the colony of British Columbia, now part of the province of British Columbia, Canada
• 1859 North-Western Territory, 1870 incorporated into the Northwest Territories of Canada, now divided between the Canadian provinces and territories of Northwest Territories, Yukon, Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia
• 1862 Stikine Territory, colony till 1863. Now divided between British Columbia and Yukon, Canada

Slavery in North American Colonies

• 1642: Massachusetts becomes the first colony to legalize slavery.
• 1650: Connecticut legalizes slavery.
• 1661: Virginia officially recognizes slavery by statute.
• 1662: A Virginia statute declares that children born would have the same status as their mother.
• 1663: Maryland legalizes slavery.
• 1664: Slavery is legalized in New York and New Jersey.

Great Britain and India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colonies

Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand

• 1770 James Cook's Expedition
• 1788 First Fleet of 11 ships and about 1305 people (736 convicts, 211 marines, 17 convicts' children, 27 marines' wives, 14 marines' children, about 300 officers and others arrives in Bottany Bay

New Zealand

• 1770s-1790s contact with British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships
• 1800s Christian missionaries settle in New Zealand and attempt to convert Maori and to control lawless European visitors
• 1800-1830 Musket wars among Maoris - tribes who have weapons kill those who have not
• 1839 New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land
• 1852 New Zealand Constitution Act
• 1890s The economy — based on wool and local trade - changes to frozen meat export
• 1907 Dominion in Commonwealth