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| − | + | '''Figures of Speech''' | |
| + | *Metaplastic figures: playing with spelling and sound | ||
| + | **The addition of letters and sounds (prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge) | ||
| + | **The omission of letters and sounds (aphaersis, syncope, apocope) | ||
| + | **The switching of letters and sounds (antisthecon, metathesis) | ||
| + | *Playing with the structure of sentences | ||
| + | **Words (seem to) get lost (ellipsis, zeugma...) | ||
| + | **Repetions of words (epizeuxis, polyptoton, antanaclasis...) | ||
| + | *Figures of an unusual arrangement of clauses and thoughts (auxesis, isocolon, chiasmus, antithesis, periphrasis...) | ||
| + | *Peculiar thoughts (adynaton, aporia, correctio...) | ||
| + | '''Tropes:''' not to be taken literally: (metaphor, metonymy, synekdoche, metalepsis, irony...) | ||
| − | + | ==Figures of Speech== | |
| − | + | *[[accumulation]]: Summarization of previous arguments in a forceful manner | |
| − | + | *[[adnominatio]]: Repetition of a word with a change in letter or sound | |
| − | + | *[[alliteration]]: A series of words that begin with the same letter or sound alike | |
| − | + | *[[anacoluthon]]: A change in the syntax within a sentence | |
| − | + | *[[anadiplosis]]: Repetition of a word at the end of a clause at the beginning of another | |
| − | + | *[[anaphora]]: The repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses | |
| − | + | *[[anastrophe]]: Inversion of the usual word order | |
| − | + | *[[anticlimax]]: the arrangement of words in order of decreasing importance | |
| − | + | *[[antimetabole]]: Repetition of words in successive clauses, in reverse order | |
| − | + | *[[antistrophe]]: The repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses | |
| − | + | *[[antithesis]]: The juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas | |
| − | + | *[[aphorismus]]: statement that calls into question the definition of a word | |
| − | + | *[[aposiopesis]]: Breaking off or pausing speech for dramatic or emotional effect | |
| − | + | *[[apostrophe (figure of speech)|apostrophe]]: Directing the attention away from the audience and to a personified abstraction | |
| − | + | *[[apposition]]: The placing of two elements side by side, in which the second defines the first | |
| − | | | + | *[[assonance]]: The repetition of vowel sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse |
| − | + | *[[asteismus]]: Facetious or mocking answer that plays on a word | |
| − | + | *[[asyndeton]]: Omission of conjunctions between related clauses | |
| − | + | *[[cacophony]]: The juxtaposition of words producing a harsh sound | |
| − | + | *[[classification (literature & grammar)]]: linking a proper noun and a common noun with an article | |
| − | + | *[[chiasmus]]: Reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses | |
| − | + | *[[climax (figure of speech)|climax]]: The arrangement of words in order of increasing importance | |
| − | + | *[[consonance]]: The repetition of consonant sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse | |
| − | | | + | *[[Diorimazeau]] |
| − | + | *[[dystmesis]]: A synonym for [[tmesis]] | |
| − | + | *[[ellipsis (figure of speech)|ellipsis]]: Omission of words | |
| − | + | *[[enallage]]: The substitution of forms that are grammatically different, but have the same meaning | |
| − | | | + | *[[enthymeme]]: Informal method of presenting a syllogism |
| − | + | *[[epanalepsis]]: Repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence. | |
| − | + | *[[epistrophe]]: The counterpart of anaphora | |
| − | + | *[[euphony]]: This is the opposite of [[cacophony]] - i.e. pleasant sounding | |
| − | + | *[[hendiadys]]: Use of two nouns to express an idea when the normal structure would be a noun and a modifier | |
| − | + | *[[hendiatris]]: Use of three nouns to express one idea | |
| − | + | *[[hypallage]]: Changing the order of words so that they are associated with words normally associated with others | |
| − | | | + | *[[hyperbaton]]: Schemes featuring unusual or inverted word order |
| − | | | + | *[[isocolon]]: Use of parallel structures of the same length in successive clauses |
| − | + | *[[internal rhyme]] : Using two or more rhyming words in the same sentence | |
| − | + | *[[kenning]]: A [[metonymic]] compound where the terms together form a sort of [[synecdoche]] | |
| − | | | + | *[[non sequitur]]: a statement that bears no relationship to the context preceding |
| − | + | *[[merism]]: Referring to a whole by enumerating some of its parts | |
| + | *[[parallelism (grammar)|parallelism]]: The use of similar structures in two or more clauses | ||
| + | *[[paraprosdokian]]: Unexpected ending or truncation of a clause | ||
| + | *[[parenthesis (rhetoric)|parenthesis]]: Insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence | ||
| + | *paroemion: A resolute alliteration in which every word in a sentence or phrase begins with the same letter | ||
| + | *[[parrhesia]]: Speaking openly or boldly, or apologizing for doing so (declaring to do so) | ||
| + | *[[perissologia]]: The fault of wordiness | ||
| + | *[[pleonasm]]: The use of superfluous or redundant words | ||
| + | *[[polyptoton]]: Repetition of words derived from the same root | ||
| + | *[[polysyndeton]]: Repetition of conjunctions | ||
| + | *[[pun]]: When a word or phrase is used in two different senses | ||
| + | *[[sibilance]]: Repetition of letter 's', it is a form of [[alliteration]] | ||
| + | *[[synchysis]]: Interlocked word order | ||
| + | *[[synesis]]: An agreement of words according to the sense, and not the grammatical form | ||
| + | *[[synizesis]]: The pronunciation of two juxtaposed vowels or diphthongs as a single sound | ||
| + | *[[synonymia]]: The use of two or more synonyms in the same clause or sentence | ||
| + | *[[Tautology (rhetoric)|tautology]]: Redundancy due to superfluous qualification; saying the same thing twice | ||
| + | *[[tmesis]]: Division of the elements of a compound word | ||
| − | |||
| − | ===The | + | ==Tropes== |
| + | *[[allegory]]: An extended [[metaphor]] in which a story is told to illustrate an important attribute of the subject | ||
| + | *[[allusion]]: An indirect reference to another work of literature or art | ||
| + | *[[anacoenosis]]: Posing a question to an audience, often with the implication that it shares a common interest with the speaker | ||
| + | *[[antanaclasis]]: A form of [[pun]] in which a word is repeated in two different senses | ||
| + | *[[anthimeria]]: The substitution of one part of speech for another, often turning a noun into a verb | ||
| + | *[[antiphrasis]]: A word or words used contradictory to their usual meaning, often with irony | ||
| + | *[[antonomasia]]: The substitution of a phrase for a proper name or vice versa | ||
| + | *[[aphorism]]: A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion, an adage | ||
| + | *[[apophasis]]: Invoking an idea by denying its invocation | ||
| + | *[[aporia]]: Deliberating with oneself, often with the use of rhetorical questions | ||
| + | *[[apostrophe (rhetoric)|apostrophe]]: Addressing a thing, an abstraction or a person not present | ||
| + | *[[archaism]]: Use of an obsolete, archaic, word(a word used in olden language, e.g. Shakespeare's language) | ||
| + | *[[auxesis]]: A form of [[hyperbole]], in which a more important sounding word is used in place of a more descriptive term | ||
| + | *[[catachresis]]: A mixed [[metaphor]] (sometimes used by design and sometimes a rhetorical fault) | ||
| + | *[[circumlocution]]: "Talking around" a topic by substituting or adding words, as in [[euphemism]] or [[periphrasis]] | ||
| + | *[[commiseration]]: Evoking pity in the audience. | ||
| + | *[[correctio]]: Linguistic device used for correcting one's mistakes, a form of which is [[epanorthosis]]. | ||
| + | *[[denominatio]]: Another word for [[metonymy]] | ||
| + | *[[epanorthosis]]: Immediate and emphatic self-correction, often following a [[slip of the tongue]]. | ||
| + | *[[erotema]]: Synonym for [[rhetorical question]] | ||
| + | *[[euphemism]]: Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another | ||
| + | *[[hermeneia]]: Repetition for the purpose of interpreting what has already been said | ||
| + | *[[hyperbole]]: Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis | ||
| + | *[[hypophora]]: Answering one's own [[rhetorical question]] at length | ||
| + | *[[hysteron proteron]]: Reversal of anticipated order of events | ||
| + | *[[innuendo]]: Having a hidden meaning in a sentence that makes sense whether it is detected or not | ||
| + | *[[invocation]]: An apostrophe to a god or muse | ||
| + | *[[irony]]: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning | ||
| + | *[[litotes]]: Emphasizing the magnitude of a statement by denying its opposite | ||
| + | *[[malapropism]]: Using a word through confusion with a word that sounds similar | ||
| + | *[[meiosis (figure of speech)|meiosis]]: Use of understatement, usually to diminish the importance of something | ||
| + | *[[metalepsis]]: Referring to something through reference to another thing to which it is remotely related | ||
| + | *[[metaphor]]: An implied comparison of two unlike things | ||
| + | *[[metonymy]]: Substitution of a word to suggest what is really meant | ||
| + | *[[neologism]]: The use of a word or term that has recently been created, or has been in use for a short time. Opposite of [[archaism]]. | ||
| + | *[[onomatopoeia]]: Words that sound like their meaning | ||
| + | *[[oxymoron]]: Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other | ||
| + | *[[parable]]: An extended [[metaphor]] told as an anecdote to illustrate or teach a moral lesson | ||
| + | *[[paradox]]: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth | ||
| + | *[[paralipsis]]: Drawing attention to something while pretending to pass it over | ||
| + | *[[paronomasia]]: A form of [[pun]], in which words similar in sound but with different meanings are used | ||
| + | *[[pathetic fallacy]]: Using a word that refers to a human action on something non-human | ||
| + | *[[periphrasis]]: Substitution of a word or phrase for a proper name | ||
| + | *[[personification]]/prosopopoeia/anthropomorphism: Attributing applying human qualities to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena | ||
| + | *[[praeteritio]]: Another word for [[paralipsis]] | ||
| + | *[[procatalepsis]]: Refuting anticipated objections as part of the main argument | ||
| + | *[[prolepsis]]: Another word for [[procatalepsis]] | ||
| + | *[[proslepsis]]: An extreme form of [[paralipsis]] in which the speaker provides great detail while feigning to pass over a topic | ||
| + | *[[rhetorical question]]: Asking a question as a way of asserting something. Or asking a question not for the sake of getting an answer but for asserting something (or as for in a poem for creating a poetic effect). | ||
| + | *[[simile]]: An explicit comparison between two things | ||
| + | *[[syllepsis]]: A form of [[pun]], in which a single word is used to modify two other words, with which it normally would have differing meanings | ||
| + | *[[synecdoche]]: A form of [[metonymy]], in which a part stands for the whole | ||
| + | *[[synesthesia]]: The description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another. | ||
| + | *[[transferred epithet]]: The placing of an adjective with what appears to be the incorrect noun | ||
| + | *[[truism]]: a self-evident statement | ||
| + | *[[tricolon|tricolon diminuens]]: A combination of three elements, each decreasing in size | ||
| + | *[[tricolon|tricolon crescens]]: A combination of three elements, each increasing in size | ||
| + | *[[zeugma]]: a figure of speech related to [[syllepsis]], but different in that the word used as a modifier is not compatible with one of the two words it modifies | ||
| + | *[[zoomorphism]]: applying animal characteristics to humans or gods | ||
| − | + | [[Category:Handout:Literature and Culture|Figurative Speech]] | |
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Latest revision as of 11:56, 29 April 2008
Figures of Speech
- Metaplastic figures: playing with spelling and sound
- The addition of letters and sounds (prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge)
- The omission of letters and sounds (aphaersis, syncope, apocope)
- The switching of letters and sounds (antisthecon, metathesis)
- Playing with the structure of sentences
- Words (seem to) get lost (ellipsis, zeugma...)
- Repetions of words (epizeuxis, polyptoton, antanaclasis...)
- Figures of an unusual arrangement of clauses and thoughts (auxesis, isocolon, chiasmus, antithesis, periphrasis...)
- Peculiar thoughts (adynaton, aporia, correctio...)
Tropes: not to be taken literally: (metaphor, metonymy, synekdoche, metalepsis, irony...)
Figures of Speech
- accumulation: Summarization of previous arguments in a forceful manner
- adnominatio: Repetition of a word with a change in letter or sound
- alliteration: A series of words that begin with the same letter or sound alike
- anacoluthon: A change in the syntax within a sentence
- anadiplosis: Repetition of a word at the end of a clause at the beginning of another
- anaphora: The repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
- anastrophe: Inversion of the usual word order
- anticlimax: the arrangement of words in order of decreasing importance
- antimetabole: Repetition of words in successive clauses, in reverse order
- antistrophe: The repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
- antithesis: The juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas
- aphorismus: statement that calls into question the definition of a word
- aposiopesis: Breaking off or pausing speech for dramatic or emotional effect
- apostrophe: Directing the attention away from the audience and to a personified abstraction
- apposition: The placing of two elements side by side, in which the second defines the first
- assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
- asteismus: Facetious or mocking answer that plays on a word
- asyndeton: Omission of conjunctions between related clauses
- cacophony: The juxtaposition of words producing a harsh sound
- classification (literature & grammar): linking a proper noun and a common noun with an article
- chiasmus: Reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses
- climax: The arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
- consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
- Diorimazeau
- dystmesis: A synonym for tmesis
- ellipsis: Omission of words
- enallage: The substitution of forms that are grammatically different, but have the same meaning
- enthymeme: Informal method of presenting a syllogism
- epanalepsis: Repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence.
- epistrophe: The counterpart of anaphora
- euphony: This is the opposite of cacophony - i.e. pleasant sounding
- hendiadys: Use of two nouns to express an idea when the normal structure would be a noun and a modifier
- hendiatris: Use of three nouns to express one idea
- hypallage: Changing the order of words so that they are associated with words normally associated with others
- hyperbaton: Schemes featuring unusual or inverted word order
- isocolon: Use of parallel structures of the same length in successive clauses
- internal rhyme : Using two or more rhyming words in the same sentence
- kenning: A metonymic compound where the terms together form a sort of synecdoche
- non sequitur: a statement that bears no relationship to the context preceding
- merism: Referring to a whole by enumerating some of its parts
- parallelism: The use of similar structures in two or more clauses
- paraprosdokian: Unexpected ending or truncation of a clause
- parenthesis: Insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence
- paroemion: A resolute alliteration in which every word in a sentence or phrase begins with the same letter
- parrhesia: Speaking openly or boldly, or apologizing for doing so (declaring to do so)
- perissologia: The fault of wordiness
- pleonasm: The use of superfluous or redundant words
- polyptoton: Repetition of words derived from the same root
- polysyndeton: Repetition of conjunctions
- pun: When a word or phrase is used in two different senses
- sibilance: Repetition of letter 's', it is a form of alliteration
- synchysis: Interlocked word order
- synesis: An agreement of words according to the sense, and not the grammatical form
- synizesis: The pronunciation of two juxtaposed vowels or diphthongs as a single sound
- synonymia: The use of two or more synonyms in the same clause or sentence
- tautology: Redundancy due to superfluous qualification; saying the same thing twice
- tmesis: Division of the elements of a compound word
Tropes
- allegory: An extended metaphor in which a story is told to illustrate an important attribute of the subject
- allusion: An indirect reference to another work of literature or art
- anacoenosis: Posing a question to an audience, often with the implication that it shares a common interest with the speaker
- antanaclasis: A form of pun in which a word is repeated in two different senses
- anthimeria: The substitution of one part of speech for another, often turning a noun into a verb
- antiphrasis: A word or words used contradictory to their usual meaning, often with irony
- antonomasia: The substitution of a phrase for a proper name or vice versa
- aphorism: A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion, an adage
- apophasis: Invoking an idea by denying its invocation
- aporia: Deliberating with oneself, often with the use of rhetorical questions
- apostrophe: Addressing a thing, an abstraction or a person not present
- archaism: Use of an obsolete, archaic, word(a word used in olden language, e.g. Shakespeare's language)
- auxesis: A form of hyperbole, in which a more important sounding word is used in place of a more descriptive term
- catachresis: A mixed metaphor (sometimes used by design and sometimes a rhetorical fault)
- circumlocution: "Talking around" a topic by substituting or adding words, as in euphemism or periphrasis
- commiseration: Evoking pity in the audience.
- correctio: Linguistic device used for correcting one's mistakes, a form of which is epanorthosis.
- denominatio: Another word for metonymy
- epanorthosis: Immediate and emphatic self-correction, often following a slip of the tongue.
- erotema: Synonym for rhetorical question
- euphemism: Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
- hermeneia: Repetition for the purpose of interpreting what has already been said
- hyperbole: Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis
- hypophora: Answering one's own rhetorical question at length
- hysteron proteron: Reversal of anticipated order of events
- innuendo: Having a hidden meaning in a sentence that makes sense whether it is detected or not
- invocation: An apostrophe to a god or muse
- irony: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning
- litotes: Emphasizing the magnitude of a statement by denying its opposite
- malapropism: Using a word through confusion with a word that sounds similar
- meiosis: Use of understatement, usually to diminish the importance of something
- metalepsis: Referring to something through reference to another thing to which it is remotely related
- metaphor: An implied comparison of two unlike things
- metonymy: Substitution of a word to suggest what is really meant
- neologism: The use of a word or term that has recently been created, or has been in use for a short time. Opposite of archaism.
- onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meaning
- oxymoron: Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other
- parable: An extended metaphor told as an anecdote to illustrate or teach a moral lesson
- paradox: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
- paralipsis: Drawing attention to something while pretending to pass it over
- paronomasia: A form of pun, in which words similar in sound but with different meanings are used
- pathetic fallacy: Using a word that refers to a human action on something non-human
- periphrasis: Substitution of a word or phrase for a proper name
- personification/prosopopoeia/anthropomorphism: Attributing applying human qualities to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena
- praeteritio: Another word for paralipsis
- procatalepsis: Refuting anticipated objections as part of the main argument
- prolepsis: Another word for procatalepsis
- proslepsis: An extreme form of paralipsis in which the speaker provides great detail while feigning to pass over a topic
- rhetorical question: Asking a question as a way of asserting something. Or asking a question not for the sake of getting an answer but for asserting something (or as for in a poem for creating a poetic effect).
- simile: An explicit comparison between two things
- syllepsis: A form of pun, in which a single word is used to modify two other words, with which it normally would have differing meanings
- synecdoche: A form of metonymy, in which a part stands for the whole
- synesthesia: The description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another.
- transferred epithet: The placing of an adjective with what appears to be the incorrect noun
- truism: a self-evident statement
- tricolon diminuens: A combination of three elements, each decreasing in size
- tricolon crescens: A combination of three elements, each increasing in size
- zeugma: a figure of speech related to syllepsis, but different in that the word used as a modifier is not compatible with one of the two words it modifies
- zoomorphism: applying animal characteristics to humans or gods
