Angl-Am - User contributions [en]

Fragen zu den AM

2009-07-31T05:05:12Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Frage zur Belegung von Aufbaumodulen */

Zunächst einmal: Teilmodulveranstaltungen können innerhalb ihrer Module selbstverständlich nach Gusto kombiniert werden.
BITTE BEACHTEN: Aufbaumodule können nur gewählt werden, wenn die BM bereits erfolgreich abgeschlossen wurden.
Abschlussmodule sollten erst zum Abschluss des Studium gewählt werden (hence the term)
Mastermodule können nur von Masterstudierenden gewählt werden.
Wenn ein Modul ein Kombinationsmodul ist, so muss jeweils eine Teilmodulveranstaltung einer Disziplin gewählt werden.

==Frage zur Belegung von Aufbaumodulen==

Wie genau wähle ich die Kurse, wenn ich ein Schwerpunktmodul (z.B. Fachdidaktik AM8) belege? Besteht dieses Modul dann nur aus TMV der Fachdidaktik oder belege ich auch noch eine andere Fachkomponente? Wenn letzteres möglich ist, aus welchem Pool kann ich dann andere Seminare aussuchen um beispielsweise 6KP(Fachdidaktik)+3KP(Fachdidaktik)+3KP(andere Komponente) zu belegen? Ich hoffe, die Frage ist einigermaßen verständlich..
[[User:Rieke Brodé|Rieke Brodé]]

:Die Schwerpunktmodule bestehen nur aus Teilmodulveranstaltungen (TMV) der jeweiligen Fachkomponente. Das heißt für das Schwerpunktmodu Didaktik, dass es nur TMV aus der Didaktik gibt. Um das Modul 8 vollständig zu belegen, muss man mindestens zwei Veranstaltungen, maximal drei, belegen.
:Die AM 2a bis 7 sind Kombinationsmodule, in denen man zwei Fachkomponenten belegen kann, und damit letztendlich, wie von den Prüfungsordnungen verlangt, alle Fachkomponenten belegen kann. Auch bei den Kombinationsmodulen gilt mindestens zwei, maximal drei TMV, zu belegen, wobei darauf zu achten ist, dass beide Fachkomponenten des Kombinationsmoduls belegt werden....denn sonst ist es ja wieder ein Schwerpunktmodul.

:Hoffentlich ist die Antwort ebenfalls einigermaßen verständlich. --[[User:Maike Engelhardt|Maike Engelhardt]] 20:30, 4 February 2008 (CET)

==Wie schnell muss ich Aufbaumodule abschließen?==
Gibt es wieder die Regelung, dass man innerhalb eines Jahres die AM abgeschlossen haben muss, weil man ansonsten den Kurs verliert? Ich würde z.B. gerne nur Spoken English belegen und habe gerade mit AM11 begonnen, muss aber noch ein Kombimodul á 3KP erledigen. Kann ich das auch im 5. machen? (Ich bin jetzt im 3.) Muss ich Spoken und Written Englisch innerhalb eines Jahres machen?

==Kombinationen von Teilmodulveranstaltungen==

Fragen: 
'''Betr: Aufbaumodule Kombination 
'''Ich studiere im dritten Semester Anglistik in Oldenburg, wechsle nun in die neueste Studienordnung und habe eine Frage bezüglich der Aufbaumodule im Bachelor: Ist es möglich, die Veranstaltung "New Orleans, Chicago, Memphis - Cultures and their music" (Zagratzki) im Rahmen des Aufbaumoduls Kultur-/Literaturwissenschaft in Kombination mit der Veranstaltung "Zadie Smith's multicultural world" (Auguscik) zu studieren?
 
Antwort: 
Sie können die Veranstaltung von Herrn Zagratzki nicht besuchen, da diese im Mastermodul angeboten wird. So wie ich Ihre Betreffzeile verstehe, sind Sie aber im B.A. Studium. Nach Erlangung des B.A. Titels können Sie auch Mastermodule besuchen.

Den Kurs von Frau Auguscik können Sie allerdings, so Sie das BM 1 erfolgreich abgeschlossen haben, belegen, so denn noch Platz ist.

'''Ich studiere jetzt im 3.Semester Musik und Anglistik (Grund-, Haupt- und Realschule) und möchte nun gerne auf die neue Studienordnung 2007 in Anglistik umsteigen. Können Sie mir evtl. bei der Modulkombination helfen? Ich verstehe leider nicht, wie viel Wahlfreiheit ich habe. Ich möchte in diesem Semester gerne English Reformation, Le Morte D'Arthur und Women in the West (jeweils 3 KP) belegen. Ist das möglich oder kann ich nur die vorgegebenen Seminare wählen? Im nächsten Semester würde ich dann Fachdidaktik und Linguistics belegen.
 
Antwort: 
Die jeweils kombinierbaren Lehrveranstaltungen sind unter den einzelnen Modulen aufgeführt. Die Module sind mit anderen Worten die Kombinationsregeln für Seminare. Sie können also REformation und Arthur belegen (AM2b), Women in the West kombiniert sich damit nicht. Die andere Möglichkeit ist Reformation udn Women in the West in AM10. Dann passt Arthur nicht rein. Aber für GHR steht die Option glaube ich leider gar nicht zur Verfügung. Sie müssen es also bei 2 Kursen belassen, zumal die Zusammensetzung "ein 9KP Modul aus 3 Veranstaltungen (3+3+3)" in der fachspez. Anlage nicht vorgesehen ist. (Das ist kein Fehler, sondern hat einen guten Grund: wir wollen sicher stellen, dass Sie mindestens in 2 Kursen auch schriftliche Arbeiten über den laufenden Seminarbetrieb hinaus anfertigen, dass Sie also 2 Kurse im Umfang von 6KP belegen).

'''Kann es sein, dass Studierende 4 Module à 6KP = 3 + 3 belegen können und so keine schriftliche Seminararbeit bzw. Postersession leisten müssen?'''

Nein, das ist nicht möglich. 
Folgende Kombinationen sind möglich: 
2 TMV, 6KP Modul, 3+3 KP 
2 TMV, 9KP Modul, 6+3 KP 
2 TMV, 12KP Modul, 6+6 KP 
3 TMV, 12 KP Modul, 6+3+3+KP 

Wenn man also drei TMV pro Modul belegen möchte, so muss eines davon 6KP haben.

 Zurück zur [[Studienberatung]]

[[Category:Studienberatung]]
[[Category:Studienberatung|Kombinationen]]
[[Category:Modulkombinationen|Aufbaumodule]]
[[Category:Prüfungsordnung 2007|B.A.GHR]]

Talk:Stud.IP

2009-03-04T16:52:37Z

Almut Siepmann: New page: When exactly on the 16th of March are we able to make our choices?

When exactly on the 16th of March are we able to make our choices?

Fragen zu den AM

2009-01-27T10:05:01Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Frage zur Belegung von Aufbaumodulen */

Zunächst einmal: Teilmodulveranstaltungen können innerhalb ihrer Module selbstverständlich nach Gusto kombiniert werden.
BITTE BEACHTEN: Aufbaumodule können nur gewählt werden, wenn die BM bereits erfolgreich abgeschlossen wurden.
Abschlussmodule sollten erst zum Abschluss des Studium gewählt werden (hence the term)
Mastermodule können nur von Masterstudierenden gewählt werden.
Wenn ein Modul ein Kombinationsmodul ist, so muss jeweils eine Teilmodulveranstaltung einer Disziplin gewählt werden.

==Frage zur Belegung von Aufbaumodulen==

Wie genau wähle ich die Kurse, wenn ich ein Schwerpunktmodul (z.B. Fachdidaktik AM8) belege? Besteht dieses Modul dann nur aus TMV der Fachdidaktik oder belege ich auch noch eine andere Fachkomponente? Wenn letzteres möglich ist, aus welchem Pool kann ich dann andere Seminare aussuchen um beispielsweise 6KP(Fachdidaktik)+3KP(Fachdidaktik)+3KP(andere Komponente) zu belegen? Ich hoffe, die Frage ist einigermaßen verständlich..
[[User:Rieke Brodé|Rieke Brodé]]

:Die Schwerpunktmodule bestehen nur aus Teilmodulveranstaltungen (TMV) der jeweiligen Fachkomponente. Das heißt für das Schwerpunktmodu Didaktik, dass es nur TMV aus der Didaktik gibt. Um das Modul 8 vollständig zu belegen, muss man mindestens zwei Veranstaltungen, maximal drei, belegen.
:Die AM 2a bis 7 sind Kombinationsmodule, in denen man zwei Fachkomponenten belegen kann, und damit letztendlich, wie von den Prüfungsordnungen verlangt, alle Fachkomponenten belegen kann. Auch bei den Kombinationsmodulen gilt mindestens zwei, maximal drei TMV, zu belegen, wobei darauf zu achten ist, dass beide Fachkomponenten des Kombinationsmoduls belegt werden....denn sonst ist es ja wieder ein Schwerpunktmodul.

:Hoffentlich ist die Antwort ebenfalls einigermaßen verständlich. --[[User:Maike Engelhardt|Maike Engelhardt]] 20:30, 4 February 2008 (CET)

Wie schnell muss man eigentlich die AM abgeschlossen haben. Gibt es wieder die Regelung, dass man innerhalb eines Jahres die AM abgeschlossen haben muss, weil man ansonsten den Kurs verliert? Ich würde z.B. gerne nur Spoken English belegen und habe gerade mit AM11 begonnen, muss aber noch ein Kombimodul á 3KP erledigen. Kann ich das auch im 5. machen? (Ich bin jetzt im 3.) Muss ich Spoken und Written Englisch innerhalb eines Jahres machen?

==Kombinationen von Teilmodulveranstaltungen==

Fragen: 
'''Betr: Aufbaumodule Kombination 
'''Ich studiere im dritten Semester Anglistik in Oldenburg, wechsle nun in die neueste Studienordnung und habe eine Frage bezüglich der Aufbaumodule im Bachelor: Ist es möglich, die Veranstaltung "New Orleans, Chicago, Memphis - Cultures and their music" (Zagratzki) im Rahmen des Aufbaumoduls Kultur-/Literaturwissenschaft in Kombination mit der Veranstaltung "Zadie Smith's multicultural world" (Auguscik) zu studieren?
 
Antwort: 
Sie können die Veranstaltung von Herrn Zagratzki nicht besuchen, da diese im Mastermodul angeboten wird. So wie ich Ihre Betreffzeile verstehe, sind Sie aber im B.A. Studium. Nach Erlangung des B.A. Titels können Sie auch Mastermodule besuchen.

Den Kurs von Frau Auguscik können Sie allerdings, so Sie das BM 1 erfolgreich abgeschlossen haben, belegen, so denn noch Platz ist.

'''Ich studiere jetzt im 3.Semester Musik und Anglistik (Grund-, Haupt- und Realschule) und möchte nun gerne auf die neue Studienordnung 2007 in Anglistik umsteigen. Können Sie mir evtl. bei der Modulkombination helfen? Ich verstehe leider nicht, wie viel Wahlfreiheit ich habe. Ich möchte in diesem Semester gerne English Reformation, Le Morte D'Arthur und Women in the West (jeweils 3 KP) belegen. Ist das möglich oder kann ich nur die vorgegebenen Seminare wählen? Im nächsten Semester würde ich dann Fachdidaktik und Linguistics belegen.
 
Antwort: 
Die jeweils kombinierbaren Lehrveranstaltungen sind unter den einzelnen Modulen aufgeführt. Die Module sind mit anderen Worten die Kombinationsregeln für Seminare. Sie können also REformation und Arthur belegen (AM2b), Women in the West kombiniert sich damit nicht. Die andere Möglichkeit ist Reformation udn Women in the West in AM10. Dann passt Arthur nicht rein. Aber für GHR steht die Option glaube ich leider gar nicht zur Verfügung. Sie müssen es also bei 2 Kursen belassen, zumal die Zusammensetzung "ein 9KP Modul aus 3 Veranstaltungen (3+3+3)" in der fachspez. Anlage nicht vorgesehen ist. (Das ist kein Fehler, sondern hat einen guten Grund: wir wollen sicher stellen, dass Sie mindestens in 2 Kursen auch schriftliche Arbeiten über den laufenden Seminarbetrieb hinaus anfertigen, dass Sie also 2 Kurse im Umfang von 6KP belegen).

'''Kann es sein, dass Studierende 4 Module à 6KP = 3 + 3 belegen können und so keine schriftliche Seminararbeit bzw. Postersession leisten müssen?'''

Nein, das ist nicht möglich. 
Folgende Kombinationen sind möglich: 
2 TMV, 6KP Modul, 3+3 KP 
2 TMV, 9KP Modul, 6+3 KP 
2 TMV, 12KP Modul, 6+6 KP 
3 TMV, 12 KP Modul, 6+3+3+KP 

Wenn man also drei TMV pro Modul belegen möchte, so muss eines davon 6KP haben.

 Zurück zur [[Studienberatung]]

[[Category:Studienberatung]]
[[Category:Studienberatung|Kombinationen]]
[[Category:Modulkombinationen|Aufbaumodule]]
[[Category:Prüfungsordnung 2007|B.A.GHR]]

Talk:2008-09 BM2 Introduction to Anglophone Cultural Studies, Part 1

2009-01-12T18:49:33Z

Almut Siepmann:

Ich hatte im 1. Semester die glorreiche Idee BM2 zu schieben. Als "Ersti" hatte ich das Gefühl nicht alles gut genug schaffen zu können, wenn ich mich auf soviel konzentriere. Nun kann ich leider viele Aufbaumodule nicht belegen, weil BM2 vorausgesetzt wird. Ist es möglich wenn ich jetzt mit dem BM2 anfange parallel so ein Blockseminar im Februar zu besuchen? Dann hätte ich ja wenigstens den 1. Teil vom BM2 schon mal. Ärgerlich. Da habe ich mich wohl im 1. Semester verkalkuliert. 
:...schon per e-mail geregelt, machen wir, auch im Interesse des Blockseminars. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 15:25, 27 August 2008 (CEST)
::Dann wäre eine für alle sichtbare Antwort an dieser Stelle sinnvoll (gewesen), da ich mir denken kann, dass diese Frage mehrere Studenten haben (und hier gucken, ob es eine Antwort darauf gibt). Deshalb fake edit. [[User:Verena Engelhardt|Verena Engelhardt]] 15:26, 27 August 2008 (CEST)

Wo steht eigentlich nochmal die Info welche chapter wir jedesmal vorbereiten sollen?

----
Die Fragen am Ende der letzten Vorlesung haben es wieder einmal gezeigt; Keiner weiß, was man denn genau lernen muss für die Klausur.
Und irgendwie habe ich pers. auch den Eindruck dass zwischen den Lektoren keine Übereinstimmung bezüglich dieser Frage herrscht.
Das ganze wirkt dann auch auf die Tutoriengestaltung, und mittlerweile sind es nur noch ca. 10 Personen, die erscheinen(Freitags zumindest).[[User:Dimitri.simons|Dimitri.simons]] 17:41, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

:Hier eine kurze Vorinformation zum written test
:* Dauer: 60 Minuten + etwas Reservezeit
:* Teil 1: (30 Minuten) kurze Faktenfragen, möglicherweise multiple choice, die in die verschiedenen Bereiche gehen und Breite des gemeinwissens erfassen
:* Teil 2: Zwei Fragen (Bearbeitungszeit je 15 Minuten) auszuwählen aus sechs Fragen (zu verschiedenen Gebieten der Vorlesung) - mit dem Ziel, Raum für eine knappe Darstellung von Zusammenhänge respektive Argumentationen zu geben

:Vorbereitung: Wir werden in der Sitzung zum 17. Dezember zwei Listen ausgeben. Die erste besteht aus Daten und Ereignissen, die Euch etwas sagen müssen, die zweite, nennt Personen, über deren historische Bedeutung ihr ein knappes Bild haben solltet. Ihr könnt die Informationen aus den Powerpoint Folien beziehen oder aus Medien wie Wikipedia.
:Die sechs eingehenderen Fragen, aus denen Ihr zwei auszuwählen habt, um 15 Minuten darüber zu schreiben nehmen Fragen auf, die in den Präsentationen gestellt wurden. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 16:16, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Ich lerne grade die 4 Seiten Daten auswendig für Mittwoch (kann man damit 50 % knacken?) und verstehe folgenden Satz nicht:
"1641 Star Chamber abolished history of press wars ensues and goes until today"

==Timeline==

===Prehistoric Period===
*700,000 years ago: human settlements on later British soil, the later British Islands still part of the continental shelf. Several several glacial and interglacial periods in which hunter-gatherers appear and reappear
* 70,000 and 10,000 years ago: last ice age, extreme cold snap between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago
* 7500 to 6000 years ago: Meltwater causes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise see level rise] of 120 m, and separation of Ireland from Britsh mainland, and of British isles from continental shelf
* 3100-1600 BC [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge Stonehenge] in use. Similar constructs of megalith culture can be found all over western Europe
* 500-50 BC predominance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt Celtic] culture.

===0-1000===
* 43-410 Romanisation of Celts in modern England (122/142 Hadrian’s and Antonine walls against northern Picts) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hadrians_Wall_map.png map]
* 410 Romans leave Great Britain, power vacuum, waves of Saxons, Angels and Jutes found kingdoms on British soil
* 597 Beginning of Christianisation under St. Augustin
* 793 Lindisfarne raided by Vikings, next three centuries: Viking settlements in northern England

===1000-1500===
* 1014-1042 Danish Rule, line of succession ends with son of Canute the Great
* 1066 Battle of Hastings, Franco-Norman rule under William I
* 1215 John Lackland has to grant the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta Magna Carta] to avoid conflict with English barons, parliament and civil rights strengthened
* 1290 Jews expelled from England
* 1380-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer, ''Canterbury Tales''
* 1339-1453 Hundred Years War against France, rise of English Nationalism
* 1453-1487 War of the Roses: Dynastic Conflict
* 1473 Caxton's press produces first printed book in London
* 1497-1583 Newfoundland claimed by England, several colonies founded on East coast in competition with Spanish, French, and Dutch colonisation

===1500-1599===
* 1538 Henry VIII Establishes Anglican Church
* 1553-1558 rule of Mary I (1516-1558), Catholicism re-established almost 300 dissenters burned at the stake
* 1560 Reformation in Scotland, organised by John Knox, Presbiterian, Calvinist Church
* 1558–1603 Elizabethan era, Protestantism reestablished, 1590-1611 Shakespeare's plays
* 1585-1604 Conflicts with Spain (Francis Drake and the Armada) over Naval Supremacy and Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium) and Ireland

===1600-1699===
* 1600 East India Company founded, several similar shareholder companies follow with trade monopolies granted by crown. Colonialisation basically achieved by commercial enterprises protected by English/ British crown.
* 1611 King James Bilbe Authorised Version
* 1640-1660 Civil War and Commonwealth
* 1641 Star Chamber abolished history of press wars ensues and goes on till today
* 1649 Charles I beheaded (January 30)
* 1651 Thomas Hobbes ''Leviathan'' published (plea for absolute monarchy and subordination of religion, perceived as an atheist's theory of state by all sides)
* 1660-1689 Restoration of monarchy, libertine court, wars between England and Netherlands as strongest naval powers
* 1666 London destroyed in Great Fire
* 1688/89 Glorious Revolution William of Orange (Dutch) ascends throne, Bill of Rights, new press laws, new laws on religious toleration: 1690 John Locke, ''On Toleration'' (1690), ''Two Treatises of Government'' (1690), ''Essay Concerning Humane Understanding'' (1690)

===1700-1799===
* 1707 Act of Union: England/ Wales/ Scotland become one Kingdom (a union existed de facto since James I and the Stuart ascension)
* 1719 Daniel Defoe ''Robinson Crusoe'' (author stood on pilory in 1703 after publishing his ''Shortest Way with Dissenters'' (1702).
* 1720 South Sea Bubble, Walpole strengthened ans political manager, status of prime minister evolves
* 1754 Battle of Plassey (India), British East India Company exercises military power and assumes administrative functions in India
* 1756-1763 The Seven Years' War: Ends France position as a major colonial power in the Americas
* 1770 James Cook's Expedition
* 1774-1776 USA [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/declare.asp Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776]
* 1750s-1830s Industrial revolution with use of steam energy, second phase 1830-1900 with new energy supplies, growing infrastructure and Industrialization of USA.

===1800-1899===
* 1810s-1830s riots against mechanisation
* 1837-1901 Rule of Queen Victoria
* 1848 Karl Marx' ''The Communist Manifesto'' published, Marx moves to England (1849) where he works til his death in 1883
* 1857 Indian Rebellion, 1858: British Crown assumes direct administration over India
* 1859 Charles Darwin ''Origin of Species'' published. Evolution theory rises against short history of Earth (as created in 4404 BC by God). Impact on cultural theory: Human culture evolved slowly. Efforts taken to speed up developments.
* 1861-1865 American Civil War
* 1869 after 11 years of work (based on the forced work of over 30,000 people), Suez Canal opened. 1880s Begin of British Colonisation of Africa
* 1882 The "Chinese Exclusion Act"
* 1890s-1918 Enfranchisement of women in Great Britain, USA: 1918
* 1895-: silent era of film; 1927: beginning of sound era of film (with ''The Jazz Singer'')
* 1899-1902 Philippine-American War, invasion, ends with Fall of First Philippine Republic, land acquisition by American companies, destabilisation of Catholic church and long term efforts to introduce English as lingua franca

===1900 till Today===
* 1914-1918, WWI, 1917: US enters the war
* 1920s onwards: radio broadcastings; history of radio, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio
* 1928: television service begins in the US, 1929, television service begins in the UK; households with a TV set in the US: 0,5 % in 1946, more than 50% in 1954. Reading suggestion: Tichi, Cecelia. ''Electronic Hearth: Creating American Television Culture''. New York & Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991.
* 1929-1931 US-American economic crisis affects the whole world
* 1930s USA: New Deal economic recovery and reform programs
* 1939-1945 World War II, Allied Nations against Germany, Italy, Japan. Use of first Atom bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 1945
* 1950s-1990s several US American Interventions in Latin America
* 1950-1953 Korean War of North against South Korea
* 1964 USA: Civil Rights Act
* 1965 USA: Immigration and “Naturalization Act”
* 1959-1975 Vietnam War with pre-history of confrontations involving Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam and European powers
* 1970s GB: Economic crisis
* 1973: The United Kingdom becomes a member of the European Union
* 1979-1989 United States CIA program to arm the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan
* 1989 Salman Rushdie, ''Satanic Verses'' published. Ensuing confrontation between religious republic of Iran and secular west.
* 1990-1991 Gulf War after Iraq attacked Kuwait
* 2001/9/11 terrorist attack on World Trade centre
* 2001-2008 War in Afghanistan
* 2003-2008 Iraq War

==People==
Task: retrieve birth- and death-dates (bring names into correct order), link into Wikipedia, and write a one or two sentence statement on historical importance

* Thomas Beckett (c. 1118 – 29 December 1170) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket]- Had a conflict with King Henry II about the rights and privileges of the church; he was assassinated by followers of the king and is known as a saint and martyr by the Roman Catholic and the Anglican Church.
* John of England 1166-1216 ("John Lackland")[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lackland_of_England] Was the King of England from 6 April 1199-1216 . He is known as the enemy of Robin Hood but especially for the Magna Carta [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta], a document limiting his power which is popularly thought as an early first step in the evolution of modern democracy.
* John Wycliffe (1320s-1384)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe]Was an English theologian, an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century and is considered the founder of the Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. Wycliffe was also an early advocate for translation of the Bible and completed his translation in the year 1382, now known as the Wycliffe Bible.
* Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII]Was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He is known for his political struggles with Rome which ultimately led to the separation of the Anglican Church from the Roman hierarchy, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. [http://tudors.crispen.org/]
* Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I]Was the illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII but nevertheless became Queen of England on 17 November 1558. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. She never married and became famous for her virginity.
* Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style– 3 September 1658 Old Style) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell]He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. He is best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death in 1658.
* John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke]Was an English philosopher and is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers who influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, as well as the American revolutionaries. This influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke defined the "self" through a continuity of "consciousness" and maintained that people are born without innate ideas.
* Adam Smith (5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith]Was a Scottish moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and one of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith book The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.
* Abraham Lincoln (12 February 1809 – 15 April 1865)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln]was the sixteenth President of the United States (elected in 1861). He successfully led the country through the American Civil War, saving the Union and ending slavery. He issued his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. He became the first president who was assassinated in 1865 and is seen as a martyr for the ideal of national unity.
* Charles Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin] was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the process he called natural selection. The fact that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and the general public in his lifetime and had a great impact on cultural theory.
* Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx]credited as the founder of communism. Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, will produce internal tensions which will lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, capitalism itself will be displaced by communism, a stateless, classless society which emerges after a transitional period, the 'dictatorship of the proletariat'.
* Queen Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria]Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the first Empress of India until her death. Her reign as Queen lasted 63 years and seven months. The period centred on her reign is known as the Victorian era. This era represented the height of the Industrial Revolution and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire.
* Thomas Alva Edison (11 February 1847 – 18 October 1931)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison]Was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.
* Cecil Rhodes (5 July 1853 – 26 March 1902) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes]was an English-born businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa. He was an ardent believer in colonialism and was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him and became Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively. Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was destined to greatness.
* Henry Ford (30 July 1863 – 7 April 1947)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford]was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and the American industry. As owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world
* Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Ghandhi]was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, for expanding women's rights, for building religious and ethnic amity, for ending untouchability, for increasing economic self-reliance and for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination.
* Nelson Mandela (born 18 July 1918)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela]was the first President of South Africa to be elected in a fully representative democratic election, serving in the office from 1994–1999. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist and because of that Mandela had to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. In South Africa and internationally, Mandela's opposition to apartheid made him a symbol of freedom and equality for many.
* Henry Kissinger (27 May 1923)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger]He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the Richard Nixon administration. Kissinger emerged unscathed from the Watergate scandal, and maintained his powerful position when Gerald Ford became President.
* Martin Luther King, Jr.(15 January 1929 – 4 April 1968)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King]was an African American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.

:spannende Arbeit! --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 09:56, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Talk:2008-09 BM2 Introduction to Anglophone Cultural Studies, Part 1

2009-01-12T18:48:54Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Timeline */

Ich hatte im 1. Semester die glorreiche Idee BM2 zu schieben. Als "Ersti" hatte ich das Gefühl nicht alles gut genug schaffen zu können, wenn ich mich auf soviel konzentriere. Nun kann ich leider viele Aufbaumodule nicht belegen, weil BM2 vorausgesetzt wird. Ist es möglich wenn ich jetzt mit dem BM2 anfange parallel so ein Blockseminar im Februar zu besuchen? Dann hätte ich ja wenigstens den 1. Teil vom BM2 schon mal. Ärgerlich. Da habe ich mich wohl im 1. Semester verkalkuliert. 
:...schon per e-mail geregelt, machen wir, auch im Interesse des Blockseminars. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 15:25, 27 August 2008 (CEST)
::Dann wäre eine für alle sichtbare Antwort an dieser Stelle sinnvoll (gewesen), da ich mir denken kann, dass diese Frage mehrere Studenten haben (und hier gucken, ob es eine Antwort darauf gibt). Deshalb fake edit. [[User:Verena Engelhardt|Verena Engelhardt]] 15:26, 27 August 2008 (CEST)

Wo steht eigentlich nochmal die Info welche chapter wir jedesmal vorbereiten sollen?

----
Die Fragen am Ende der letzten Vorlesung haben es wieder einmal gezeigt; Keiner weiß, was man denn genau lernen muss für die Klausur.
Und irgendwie habe ich pers. auch den Eindruck dass zwischen den Lektoren keine Übereinstimmung bezüglich dieser Frage herrscht.
Das ganze wirkt dann auch auf die Tutoriengestaltung, und mittlerweile sind es nur noch ca. 10 Personen, die erscheinen(Freitags zumindest).[[User:Dimitri.simons|Dimitri.simons]] 17:41, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

:Hier eine kurze Vorinformation zum written test
:* Dauer: 60 Minuten + etwas Reservezeit
:* Teil 1: (30 Minuten) kurze Faktenfragen, möglicherweise multiple choice, die in die verschiedenen Bereiche gehen und Breite des gemeinwissens erfassen
:* Teil 2: Zwei Fragen (Bearbeitungszeit je 15 Minuten) auszuwählen aus sechs Fragen (zu verschiedenen Gebieten der Vorlesung) - mit dem Ziel, Raum für eine knappe Darstellung von Zusammenhänge respektive Argumentationen zu geben

:Vorbereitung: Wir werden in der Sitzung zum 17. Dezember zwei Listen ausgeben. Die erste besteht aus Daten und Ereignissen, die Euch etwas sagen müssen, die zweite, nennt Personen, über deren historische Bedeutung ihr ein knappes Bild haben solltet. Ihr könnt die Informationen aus den Powerpoint Folien beziehen oder aus Medien wie Wikipedia.
:Die sechs eingehenderen Fragen, aus denen Ihr zwei auszuwählen habt, um 15 Minuten darüber zu schreiben nehmen Fragen auf, die in den Präsentationen gestellt wurden. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 16:16, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

==Timeline==

===Prehistoric Period===
*700,000 years ago: human settlements on later British soil, the later British Islands still part of the continental shelf. Several several glacial and interglacial periods in which hunter-gatherers appear and reappear
* 70,000 and 10,000 years ago: last ice age, extreme cold snap between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago
* 7500 to 6000 years ago: Meltwater causes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise see level rise] of 120 m, and separation of Ireland from Britsh mainland, and of British isles from continental shelf
* 3100-1600 BC [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge Stonehenge] in use. Similar constructs of megalith culture can be found all over western Europe
* 500-50 BC predominance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt Celtic] culture.

===0-1000===
* 43-410 Romanisation of Celts in modern England (122/142 Hadrian’s and Antonine walls against northern Picts) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hadrians_Wall_map.png map]
* 410 Romans leave Great Britain, power vacuum, waves of Saxons, Angels and Jutes found kingdoms on British soil
* 597 Beginning of Christianisation under St. Augustin
* 793 Lindisfarne raided by Vikings, next three centuries: Viking settlements in northern England

===1000-1500===
* 1014-1042 Danish Rule, line of succession ends with son of Canute the Great
* 1066 Battle of Hastings, Franco-Norman rule under William I
* 1215 John Lackland has to grant the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta Magna Carta] to avoid conflict with English barons, parliament and civil rights strengthened
* 1290 Jews expelled from England
* 1380-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer, ''Canterbury Tales''
* 1339-1453 Hundred Years War against France, rise of English Nationalism
* 1453-1487 War of the Roses: Dynastic Conflict
* 1473 Caxton's press produces first printed book in London
* 1497-1583 Newfoundland claimed by England, several colonies founded on East coast in competition with Spanish, French, and Dutch colonisation

===1500-1599===
* 1538 Henry VIII Establishes Anglican Church
* 1553-1558 rule of Mary I (1516-1558), Catholicism re-established almost 300 dissenters burned at the stake
* 1560 Reformation in Scotland, organised by John Knox, Presbiterian, Calvinist Church
* 1558–1603 Elizabethan era, Protestantism reestablished, 1590-1611 Shakespeare's plays
* 1585-1604 Conflicts with Spain (Francis Drake and the Armada) over Naval Supremacy and Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium) and Ireland

===1600-1699===
* 1600 East India Company founded, several similar shareholder companies follow with trade monopolies granted by crown. Colonialisation basically achieved by commercial enterprises protected by English/ British crown.
* 1611 King James Bilbe Authorised Version
* 1640-1660 Civil War and Commonwealth
* 1641 Star Chamber abolished history of press wars ensues and goes on till today
* 1649 Charles I beheaded (January 30)
* 1651 Thomas Hobbes ''Leviathan'' published (plea for absolute monarchy and subordination of religion, perceived as an atheist's theory of state by all sides)
* 1660-1689 Restoration of monarchy, libertine court, wars between England and Netherlands as strongest naval powers
* 1666 London destroyed in Great Fire
* 1688/89 Glorious Revolution William of Orange (Dutch) ascends throne, Bill of Rights, new press laws, new laws on religious toleration: 1690 John Locke, ''On Toleration'' (1690), ''Two Treatises of Government'' (1690), ''Essay Concerning Humane Understanding'' (1690)

===1700-1799===
* 1707 Act of Union: England/ Wales/ Scotland become one Kingdom (a union existed de facto since James I and the Stuart ascension)
* 1719 Daniel Defoe ''Robinson Crusoe'' (author stood on pilory in 1703 after publishing his ''Shortest Way with Dissenters'' (1702).
* 1720 South Sea Bubble, Walpole strengthened ans political manager, status of prime minister evolves
* 1754 Battle of Plassey (India), British East India Company exercises military power and assumes administrative functions in India
* 1756-1763 The Seven Years' War: Ends France position as a major colonial power in the Americas
* 1770 James Cook's Expedition
* 1774-1776 USA [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/declare.asp Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776]
* 1750s-1830s Industrial revolution with use of steam energy, second phase 1830-1900 with new energy supplies, growing infrastructure and Industrialization of USA.

===1800-1899===
* 1810s-1830s riots against mechanisation
* 1837-1901 Rule of Queen Victoria
* 1848 Karl Marx' ''The Communist Manifesto'' published, Marx moves to England (1849) where he works til his death in 1883
* 1857 Indian Rebellion, 1858: British Crown assumes direct administration over India
* 1859 Charles Darwin ''Origin of Species'' published. Evolution theory rises against short history of Earth (as created in 4404 BC by God). Impact on cultural theory: Human culture evolved slowly. Efforts taken to speed up developments.
* 1861-1865 American Civil War
* 1869 after 11 years of work (based on the forced work of over 30,000 people), Suez Canal opened. 1880s Begin of British Colonisation of Africa
* 1882 The "Chinese Exclusion Act"
* 1890s-1918 Enfranchisement of women in Great Britain, USA: 1918
* 1895-: silent era of film; 1927: beginning of sound era of film (with ''The Jazz Singer'')
* 1899-1902 Philippine-American War, invasion, ends with Fall of First Philippine Republic, land acquisition by American companies, destabilisation of Catholic church and long term efforts to introduce English as lingua franca

===1900 till Today===
* 1914-1918, WWI, 1917: US enters the war
* 1920s onwards: radio broadcastings; history of radio, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio
* 1928: television service begins in the US, 1929, television service begins in the UK; households with a TV set in the US: 0,5 % in 1946, more than 50% in 1954. Reading suggestion: Tichi, Cecelia. ''Electronic Hearth: Creating American Television Culture''. New York & Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991.
* 1929-1931 US-American economic crisis affects the whole world
* 1930s USA: New Deal economic recovery and reform programs
* 1939-1945 World War II, Allied Nations against Germany, Italy, Japan. Use of first Atom bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 1945
* 1950s-1990s several US American Interventions in Latin America
* 1950-1953 Korean War of North against South Korea
* 1964 USA: Civil Rights Act
* 1965 USA: Immigration and “Naturalization Act”
* 1959-1975 Vietnam War with pre-history of confrontations involving Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam and European powers
* 1970s GB: Economic crisis
* 1973: The United Kingdom becomes a member of the European Union
* 1979-1989 United States CIA program to arm the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan
* 1989 Salman Rushdie, ''Satanic Verses'' published. Ensuing confrontation between religious republic of Iran and secular west.
* 1990-1991 Gulf War after Iraq attacked Kuwait
* 2001/9/11 terrorist attack on World Trade centre
* 2001-2008 War in Afghanistan
* 2003-2008 Iraq War

==People==
Task: retrieve birth- and death-dates (bring names into correct order), link into Wikipedia, and write a one or two sentence statement on historical importance

* Thomas Beckett (c. 1118 – 29 December 1170) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket]- Had a conflict with King Henry II about the rights and privileges of the church; he was assassinated by followers of the king and is known as a saint and martyr by the Roman Catholic and the Anglican Church.
* John of England 1166-1216 ("John Lackland")[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lackland_of_England] Was the King of England from 6 April 1199-1216 . He is known as the enemy of Robin Hood but especially for the Magna Carta [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta], a document limiting his power which is popularly thought as an early first step in the evolution of modern democracy.
* John Wycliffe (1320s-1384)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe]Was an English theologian, an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century and is considered the founder of the Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. Wycliffe was also an early advocate for translation of the Bible and completed his translation in the year 1382, now known as the Wycliffe Bible.
* Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII]Was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He is known for his political struggles with Rome which ultimately led to the separation of the Anglican Church from the Roman hierarchy, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. [http://tudors.crispen.org/]
* Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I]Was the illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII but nevertheless became Queen of England on 17 November 1558. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. She never married and became famous for her virginity.
* Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style– 3 September 1658 Old Style) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell]He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. He is best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death in 1658.
* John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke]Was an English philosopher and is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers who influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, as well as the American revolutionaries. This influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke defined the "self" through a continuity of "consciousness" and maintained that people are born without innate ideas.
* Adam Smith (5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith]Was a Scottish moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and one of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith book The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.
* Abraham Lincoln (12 February 1809 – 15 April 1865)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln]was the sixteenth President of the United States (elected in 1861). He successfully led the country through the American Civil War, saving the Union and ending slavery. He issued his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. He became the first president who was assassinated in 1865 and is seen as a martyr for the ideal of national unity.
* Charles Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin] was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the process he called natural selection. The fact that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and the general public in his lifetime and had a great impact on cultural theory.
* Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx]credited as the founder of communism. Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, will produce internal tensions which will lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, capitalism itself will be displaced by communism, a stateless, classless society which emerges after a transitional period, the 'dictatorship of the proletariat'.
* Queen Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria]Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the first Empress of India until her death. Her reign as Queen lasted 63 years and seven months. The period centred on her reign is known as the Victorian era. This era represented the height of the Industrial Revolution and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire.
* Thomas Alva Edison (11 February 1847 – 18 October 1931)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison]Was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.
* Cecil Rhodes (5 July 1853 – 26 March 1902) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes]was an English-born businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa. He was an ardent believer in colonialism and was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him and became Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively. Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was destined to greatness.
* Henry Ford (30 July 1863 – 7 April 1947)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford]was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and the American industry. As owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world
* Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Ghandhi]was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, for expanding women's rights, for building religious and ethnic amity, for ending untouchability, for increasing economic self-reliance and for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination.
* Nelson Mandela (born 18 July 1918)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela]was the first President of South Africa to be elected in a fully representative democratic election, serving in the office from 1994–1999. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist and because of that Mandela had to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. In South Africa and internationally, Mandela's opposition to apartheid made him a symbol of freedom and equality for many.
* Henry Kissinger (27 May 1923)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger]He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the Richard Nixon administration. Kissinger emerged unscathed from the Watergate scandal, and maintained his powerful position when Gerald Ford became President.
* Martin Luther King, Jr.(15 January 1929 – 4 April 1968)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King]was an African American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.

:spannende Arbeit! --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 09:56, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Talk:2008-09 BM2 Introduction to Anglophone Cultural Studies, Part 1

2009-01-12T18:48:25Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Prehistoric Period */

Ich hatte im 1. Semester die glorreiche Idee BM2 zu schieben. Als "Ersti" hatte ich das Gefühl nicht alles gut genug schaffen zu können, wenn ich mich auf soviel konzentriere. Nun kann ich leider viele Aufbaumodule nicht belegen, weil BM2 vorausgesetzt wird. Ist es möglich wenn ich jetzt mit dem BM2 anfange parallel so ein Blockseminar im Februar zu besuchen? Dann hätte ich ja wenigstens den 1. Teil vom BM2 schon mal. Ärgerlich. Da habe ich mich wohl im 1. Semester verkalkuliert. 
:...schon per e-mail geregelt, machen wir, auch im Interesse des Blockseminars. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 15:25, 27 August 2008 (CEST)
::Dann wäre eine für alle sichtbare Antwort an dieser Stelle sinnvoll (gewesen), da ich mir denken kann, dass diese Frage mehrere Studenten haben (und hier gucken, ob es eine Antwort darauf gibt). Deshalb fake edit. [[User:Verena Engelhardt|Verena Engelhardt]] 15:26, 27 August 2008 (CEST)

Wo steht eigentlich nochmal die Info welche chapter wir jedesmal vorbereiten sollen?

----
Die Fragen am Ende der letzten Vorlesung haben es wieder einmal gezeigt; Keiner weiß, was man denn genau lernen muss für die Klausur.
Und irgendwie habe ich pers. auch den Eindruck dass zwischen den Lektoren keine Übereinstimmung bezüglich dieser Frage herrscht.
Das ganze wirkt dann auch auf die Tutoriengestaltung, und mittlerweile sind es nur noch ca. 10 Personen, die erscheinen(Freitags zumindest).[[User:Dimitri.simons|Dimitri.simons]] 17:41, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

:Hier eine kurze Vorinformation zum written test
:* Dauer: 60 Minuten + etwas Reservezeit
:* Teil 1: (30 Minuten) kurze Faktenfragen, möglicherweise multiple choice, die in die verschiedenen Bereiche gehen und Breite des gemeinwissens erfassen
:* Teil 2: Zwei Fragen (Bearbeitungszeit je 15 Minuten) auszuwählen aus sechs Fragen (zu verschiedenen Gebieten der Vorlesung) - mit dem Ziel, Raum für eine knappe Darstellung von Zusammenhänge respektive Argumentationen zu geben

:Vorbereitung: Wir werden in der Sitzung zum 17. Dezember zwei Listen ausgeben. Die erste besteht aus Daten und Ereignissen, die Euch etwas sagen müssen, die zweite, nennt Personen, über deren historische Bedeutung ihr ein knappes Bild haben solltet. Ihr könnt die Informationen aus den Powerpoint Folien beziehen oder aus Medien wie Wikipedia.
:Die sechs eingehenderen Fragen, aus denen Ihr zwei auszuwählen habt, um 15 Minuten darüber zu schreiben nehmen Fragen auf, die in den Präsentationen gestellt wurden. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 16:16, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

==Timeline==

Ich lerne grade die 4 Seiten Daten auswendig für Mittwoch (kann man damit 50 % knacken?) und verstehe folgenden Satz nicht:
"1641 Star Chamber abolished history of press wars ensues and goes until today"

===Prehistoric Period===
*700,000 years ago: human settlements on later British soil, the later British Islands still part of the continental shelf. Several several glacial and interglacial periods in which hunter-gatherers appear and reappear
* 70,000 and 10,000 years ago: last ice age, extreme cold snap between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago
* 7500 to 6000 years ago: Meltwater causes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise see level rise] of 120 m, and separation of Ireland from Britsh mainland, and of British isles from continental shelf
* 3100-1600 BC [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge Stonehenge] in use. Similar constructs of megalith culture can be found all over western Europe
* 500-50 BC predominance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt Celtic] culture.

===0-1000===
* 43-410 Romanisation of Celts in modern England (122/142 Hadrian’s and Antonine walls against northern Picts) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hadrians_Wall_map.png map]
* 410 Romans leave Great Britain, power vacuum, waves of Saxons, Angels and Jutes found kingdoms on British soil
* 597 Beginning of Christianisation under St. Augustin
* 793 Lindisfarne raided by Vikings, next three centuries: Viking settlements in northern England

===1000-1500===
* 1014-1042 Danish Rule, line of succession ends with son of Canute the Great
* 1066 Battle of Hastings, Franco-Norman rule under William I
* 1215 John Lackland has to grant the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta Magna Carta] to avoid conflict with English barons, parliament and civil rights strengthened
* 1290 Jews expelled from England
* 1380-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer, ''Canterbury Tales''
* 1339-1453 Hundred Years War against France, rise of English Nationalism
* 1453-1487 War of the Roses: Dynastic Conflict
* 1473 Caxton's press produces first printed book in London
* 1497-1583 Newfoundland claimed by England, several colonies founded on East coast in competition with Spanish, French, and Dutch colonisation

===1500-1599===
* 1538 Henry VIII Establishes Anglican Church
* 1553-1558 rule of Mary I (1516-1558), Catholicism re-established almost 300 dissenters burned at the stake
* 1560 Reformation in Scotland, organised by John Knox, Presbiterian, Calvinist Church
* 1558–1603 Elizabethan era, Protestantism reestablished, 1590-1611 Shakespeare's plays
* 1585-1604 Conflicts with Spain (Francis Drake and the Armada) over Naval Supremacy and Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium) and Ireland

===1600-1699===
* 1600 East India Company founded, several similar shareholder companies follow with trade monopolies granted by crown. Colonialisation basically achieved by commercial enterprises protected by English/ British crown.
* 1611 King James Bilbe Authorised Version
* 1640-1660 Civil War and Commonwealth
* 1641 Star Chamber abolished history of press wars ensues and goes on till today
* 1649 Charles I beheaded (January 30)
* 1651 Thomas Hobbes ''Leviathan'' published (plea for absolute monarchy and subordination of religion, perceived as an atheist's theory of state by all sides)
* 1660-1689 Restoration of monarchy, libertine court, wars between England and Netherlands as strongest naval powers
* 1666 London destroyed in Great Fire
* 1688/89 Glorious Revolution William of Orange (Dutch) ascends throne, Bill of Rights, new press laws, new laws on religious toleration: 1690 John Locke, ''On Toleration'' (1690), ''Two Treatises of Government'' (1690), ''Essay Concerning Humane Understanding'' (1690)

===1700-1799===
* 1707 Act of Union: England/ Wales/ Scotland become one Kingdom (a union existed de facto since James I and the Stuart ascension)
* 1719 Daniel Defoe ''Robinson Crusoe'' (author stood on pilory in 1703 after publishing his ''Shortest Way with Dissenters'' (1702).
* 1720 South Sea Bubble, Walpole strengthened ans political manager, status of prime minister evolves
* 1754 Battle of Plassey (India), British East India Company exercises military power and assumes administrative functions in India
* 1756-1763 The Seven Years' War: Ends France position as a major colonial power in the Americas
* 1770 James Cook's Expedition
* 1774-1776 USA [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/declare.asp Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776]
* 1750s-1830s Industrial revolution with use of steam energy, second phase 1830-1900 with new energy supplies, growing infrastructure and Industrialization of USA.

===1800-1899===
* 1810s-1830s riots against mechanisation
* 1837-1901 Rule of Queen Victoria
* 1848 Karl Marx' ''The Communist Manifesto'' published, Marx moves to England (1849) where he works til his death in 1883
* 1857 Indian Rebellion, 1858: British Crown assumes direct administration over India
* 1859 Charles Darwin ''Origin of Species'' published. Evolution theory rises against short history of Earth (as created in 4404 BC by God). Impact on cultural theory: Human culture evolved slowly. Efforts taken to speed up developments.
* 1861-1865 American Civil War
* 1869 after 11 years of work (based on the forced work of over 30,000 people), Suez Canal opened. 1880s Begin of British Colonisation of Africa
* 1882 The "Chinese Exclusion Act"
* 1890s-1918 Enfranchisement of women in Great Britain, USA: 1918
* 1895-: silent era of film; 1927: beginning of sound era of film (with ''The Jazz Singer'')
* 1899-1902 Philippine-American War, invasion, ends with Fall of First Philippine Republic, land acquisition by American companies, destabilisation of Catholic church and long term efforts to introduce English as lingua franca

===1900 till Today===
* 1914-1918, WWI, 1917: US enters the war
* 1920s onwards: radio broadcastings; history of radio, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio
* 1928: television service begins in the US, 1929, television service begins in the UK; households with a TV set in the US: 0,5 % in 1946, more than 50% in 1954. Reading suggestion: Tichi, Cecelia. ''Electronic Hearth: Creating American Television Culture''. New York & Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991.
* 1929-1931 US-American economic crisis affects the whole world
* 1930s USA: New Deal economic recovery and reform programs
* 1939-1945 World War II, Allied Nations against Germany, Italy, Japan. Use of first Atom bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 1945
* 1950s-1990s several US American Interventions in Latin America
* 1950-1953 Korean War of North against South Korea
* 1964 USA: Civil Rights Act
* 1965 USA: Immigration and “Naturalization Act”
* 1959-1975 Vietnam War with pre-history of confrontations involving Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam and European powers
* 1970s GB: Economic crisis
* 1973: The United Kingdom becomes a member of the European Union
* 1979-1989 United States CIA program to arm the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan
* 1989 Salman Rushdie, ''Satanic Verses'' published. Ensuing confrontation between religious republic of Iran and secular west.
* 1990-1991 Gulf War after Iraq attacked Kuwait
* 2001/9/11 terrorist attack on World Trade centre
* 2001-2008 War in Afghanistan
* 2003-2008 Iraq War

==People==
Task: retrieve birth- and death-dates (bring names into correct order), link into Wikipedia, and write a one or two sentence statement on historical importance

* Thomas Beckett (c. 1118 – 29 December 1170) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket]- Had a conflict with King Henry II about the rights and privileges of the church; he was assassinated by followers of the king and is known as a saint and martyr by the Roman Catholic and the Anglican Church.
* John of England 1166-1216 ("John Lackland")[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lackland_of_England] Was the King of England from 6 April 1199-1216 . He is known as the enemy of Robin Hood but especially for the Magna Carta [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta], a document limiting his power which is popularly thought as an early first step in the evolution of modern democracy.
* John Wycliffe (1320s-1384)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe]Was an English theologian, an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century and is considered the founder of the Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. Wycliffe was also an early advocate for translation of the Bible and completed his translation in the year 1382, now known as the Wycliffe Bible.
* Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII]Was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He is known for his political struggles with Rome which ultimately led to the separation of the Anglican Church from the Roman hierarchy, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. [http://tudors.crispen.org/]
* Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I]Was the illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII but nevertheless became Queen of England on 17 November 1558. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. She never married and became famous for her virginity.
* Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style– 3 September 1658 Old Style) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell]He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. He is best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death in 1658.
* John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke]Was an English philosopher and is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers who influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, as well as the American revolutionaries. This influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke defined the "self" through a continuity of "consciousness" and maintained that people are born without innate ideas.
* Adam Smith (5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith]Was a Scottish moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and one of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith book The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.
* Abraham Lincoln (12 February 1809 – 15 April 1865)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln]was the sixteenth President of the United States (elected in 1861). He successfully led the country through the American Civil War, saving the Union and ending slavery. He issued his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. He became the first president who was assassinated in 1865 and is seen as a martyr for the ideal of national unity.
* Charles Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin] was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the process he called natural selection. The fact that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and the general public in his lifetime and had a great impact on cultural theory.
* Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx]credited as the founder of communism. Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, will produce internal tensions which will lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, capitalism itself will be displaced by communism, a stateless, classless society which emerges after a transitional period, the 'dictatorship of the proletariat'.
* Queen Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria]Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the first Empress of India until her death. Her reign as Queen lasted 63 years and seven months. The period centred on her reign is known as the Victorian era. This era represented the height of the Industrial Revolution and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire.
* Thomas Alva Edison (11 February 1847 – 18 October 1931)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison]Was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.
* Cecil Rhodes (5 July 1853 – 26 March 1902) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes]was an English-born businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa. He was an ardent believer in colonialism and was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him and became Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively. Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was destined to greatness.
* Henry Ford (30 July 1863 – 7 April 1947)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford]was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and the American industry. As owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world
* Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Ghandhi]was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, for expanding women's rights, for building religious and ethnic amity, for ending untouchability, for increasing economic self-reliance and for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination.
* Nelson Mandela (born 18 July 1918)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela]was the first President of South Africa to be elected in a fully representative democratic election, serving in the office from 1994–1999. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist and because of that Mandela had to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. In South Africa and internationally, Mandela's opposition to apartheid made him a symbol of freedom and equality for many.
* Henry Kissinger (27 May 1923)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger]He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the Richard Nixon administration. Kissinger emerged unscathed from the Watergate scandal, and maintained his powerful position when Gerald Ford became President.
* Martin Luther King, Jr.(15 January 1929 – 4 April 1968)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King]was an African American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.

:spannende Arbeit! --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 09:56, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Talk:2008-09 BM2 Introduction to Anglophone Cultural Studies, Part 1

2009-01-12T18:47:19Z

Almut Siepmann: /* 1900 till Today */

Ich hatte im 1. Semester die glorreiche Idee BM2 zu schieben. Als "Ersti" hatte ich das Gefühl nicht alles gut genug schaffen zu können, wenn ich mich auf soviel konzentriere. Nun kann ich leider viele Aufbaumodule nicht belegen, weil BM2 vorausgesetzt wird. Ist es möglich wenn ich jetzt mit dem BM2 anfange parallel so ein Blockseminar im Februar zu besuchen? Dann hätte ich ja wenigstens den 1. Teil vom BM2 schon mal. Ärgerlich. Da habe ich mich wohl im 1. Semester verkalkuliert. 
:...schon per e-mail geregelt, machen wir, auch im Interesse des Blockseminars. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 15:25, 27 August 2008 (CEST)
::Dann wäre eine für alle sichtbare Antwort an dieser Stelle sinnvoll (gewesen), da ich mir denken kann, dass diese Frage mehrere Studenten haben (und hier gucken, ob es eine Antwort darauf gibt). Deshalb fake edit. [[User:Verena Engelhardt|Verena Engelhardt]] 15:26, 27 August 2008 (CEST)

Wo steht eigentlich nochmal die Info welche chapter wir jedesmal vorbereiten sollen?

----
Die Fragen am Ende der letzten Vorlesung haben es wieder einmal gezeigt; Keiner weiß, was man denn genau lernen muss für die Klausur.
Und irgendwie habe ich pers. auch den Eindruck dass zwischen den Lektoren keine Übereinstimmung bezüglich dieser Frage herrscht.
Das ganze wirkt dann auch auf die Tutoriengestaltung, und mittlerweile sind es nur noch ca. 10 Personen, die erscheinen(Freitags zumindest).[[User:Dimitri.simons|Dimitri.simons]] 17:41, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

:Hier eine kurze Vorinformation zum written test
:* Dauer: 60 Minuten + etwas Reservezeit
:* Teil 1: (30 Minuten) kurze Faktenfragen, möglicherweise multiple choice, die in die verschiedenen Bereiche gehen und Breite des gemeinwissens erfassen
:* Teil 2: Zwei Fragen (Bearbeitungszeit je 15 Minuten) auszuwählen aus sechs Fragen (zu verschiedenen Gebieten der Vorlesung) - mit dem Ziel, Raum für eine knappe Darstellung von Zusammenhänge respektive Argumentationen zu geben

:Vorbereitung: Wir werden in der Sitzung zum 17. Dezember zwei Listen ausgeben. Die erste besteht aus Daten und Ereignissen, die Euch etwas sagen müssen, die zweite, nennt Personen, über deren historische Bedeutung ihr ein knappes Bild haben solltet. Ihr könnt die Informationen aus den Powerpoint Folien beziehen oder aus Medien wie Wikipedia.
:Die sechs eingehenderen Fragen, aus denen Ihr zwei auszuwählen habt, um 15 Minuten darüber zu schreiben nehmen Fragen auf, die in den Präsentationen gestellt wurden. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 16:16, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

==Timeline==

===Prehistoric Period===
*700,000 years ago: human settlements on later British soil, the later British Islands still part of the continental shelf. Several several glacial and interglacial periods in which hunter-gatherers appear and reappear
* 70,000 and 10,000 years ago: last ice age, extreme cold snap between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago
* 7500 to 6000 years ago: Meltwater causes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise see level rise] of 120 m, and separation of Ireland from Britsh mainland, and of British isles from continental shelf
* 3100-1600 BC [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge Stonehenge] in use. Similar constructs of megalith culture can be found all over western Europe
* 500-50 BC predominance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt Celtic] culture.

===0-1000===
* 43-410 Romanisation of Celts in modern England (122/142 Hadrian’s and Antonine walls against northern Picts) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hadrians_Wall_map.png map]
* 410 Romans leave Great Britain, power vacuum, waves of Saxons, Angels and Jutes found kingdoms on British soil
* 597 Beginning of Christianisation under St. Augustin
* 793 Lindisfarne raided by Vikings, next three centuries: Viking settlements in northern England

===1000-1500===
* 1014-1042 Danish Rule, line of succession ends with son of Canute the Great
* 1066 Battle of Hastings, Franco-Norman rule under William I
* 1215 John Lackland has to grant the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta Magna Carta] to avoid conflict with English barons, parliament and civil rights strengthened
* 1290 Jews expelled from England
* 1380-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer, ''Canterbury Tales''
* 1339-1453 Hundred Years War against France, rise of English Nationalism
* 1453-1487 War of the Roses: Dynastic Conflict
* 1473 Caxton's press produces first printed book in London
* 1497-1583 Newfoundland claimed by England, several colonies founded on East coast in competition with Spanish, French, and Dutch colonisation

===1500-1599===
* 1538 Henry VIII Establishes Anglican Church
* 1553-1558 rule of Mary I (1516-1558), Catholicism re-established almost 300 dissenters burned at the stake
* 1560 Reformation in Scotland, organised by John Knox, Presbiterian, Calvinist Church
* 1558–1603 Elizabethan era, Protestantism reestablished, 1590-1611 Shakespeare's plays
* 1585-1604 Conflicts with Spain (Francis Drake and the Armada) over Naval Supremacy and Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium) and Ireland

===1600-1699===
* 1600 East India Company founded, several similar shareholder companies follow with trade monopolies granted by crown. Colonialisation basically achieved by commercial enterprises protected by English/ British crown.
* 1611 King James Bilbe Authorised Version
* 1640-1660 Civil War and Commonwealth
* 1641 Star Chamber abolished history of press wars ensues and goes on till today
* 1649 Charles I beheaded (January 30)
* 1651 Thomas Hobbes ''Leviathan'' published (plea for absolute monarchy and subordination of religion, perceived as an atheist's theory of state by all sides)
* 1660-1689 Restoration of monarchy, libertine court, wars between England and Netherlands as strongest naval powers
* 1666 London destroyed in Great Fire
* 1688/89 Glorious Revolution William of Orange (Dutch) ascends throne, Bill of Rights, new press laws, new laws on religious toleration: 1690 John Locke, ''On Toleration'' (1690), ''Two Treatises of Government'' (1690), ''Essay Concerning Humane Understanding'' (1690)

===1700-1799===
* 1707 Act of Union: England/ Wales/ Scotland become one Kingdom (a union existed de facto since James I and the Stuart ascension)
* 1719 Daniel Defoe ''Robinson Crusoe'' (author stood on pilory in 1703 after publishing his ''Shortest Way with Dissenters'' (1702).
* 1720 South Sea Bubble, Walpole strengthened ans political manager, status of prime minister evolves
* 1754 Battle of Plassey (India), British East India Company exercises military power and assumes administrative functions in India
* 1756-1763 The Seven Years' War: Ends France position as a major colonial power in the Americas
* 1770 James Cook's Expedition
* 1774-1776 USA [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/declare.asp Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776]
* 1750s-1830s Industrial revolution with use of steam energy, second phase 1830-1900 with new energy supplies, growing infrastructure and Industrialization of USA.

===1800-1899===
* 1810s-1830s riots against mechanisation
* 1837-1901 Rule of Queen Victoria
* 1848 Karl Marx' ''The Communist Manifesto'' published, Marx moves to England (1849) where he works til his death in 1883
* 1857 Indian Rebellion, 1858: British Crown assumes direct administration over India
* 1859 Charles Darwin ''Origin of Species'' published. Evolution theory rises against short history of Earth (as created in 4404 BC by God). Impact on cultural theory: Human culture evolved slowly. Efforts taken to speed up developments.
* 1861-1865 American Civil War
* 1869 after 11 years of work (based on the forced work of over 30,000 people), Suez Canal opened. 1880s Begin of British Colonisation of Africa
* 1882 The "Chinese Exclusion Act"
* 1890s-1918 Enfranchisement of women in Great Britain, USA: 1918
* 1895-: silent era of film; 1927: beginning of sound era of film (with ''The Jazz Singer'')
* 1899-1902 Philippine-American War, invasion, ends with Fall of First Philippine Republic, land acquisition by American companies, destabilisation of Catholic church and long term efforts to introduce English as lingua franca

===1900 till Today===
* 1914-1918, WWI, 1917: US enters the war
* 1920s onwards: radio broadcastings; history of radio, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio
* 1928: television service begins in the US, 1929, television service begins in the UK; households with a TV set in the US: 0,5 % in 1946, more than 50% in 1954. Reading suggestion: Tichi, Cecelia. ''Electronic Hearth: Creating American Television Culture''. New York & Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991.
* 1929-1931 US-American economic crisis affects the whole world
* 1930s USA: New Deal economic recovery and reform programs
* 1939-1945 World War II, Allied Nations against Germany, Italy, Japan. Use of first Atom bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 1945
* 1950s-1990s several US American Interventions in Latin America
* 1950-1953 Korean War of North against South Korea
* 1964 USA: Civil Rights Act
* 1965 USA: Immigration and “Naturalization Act”
* 1959-1975 Vietnam War with pre-history of confrontations involving Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam and European powers
* 1970s GB: Economic crisis
* 1973: The United Kingdom becomes a member of the European Union
* 1979-1989 United States CIA program to arm the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan
* 1989 Salman Rushdie, ''Satanic Verses'' published. Ensuing confrontation between religious republic of Iran and secular west.
* 1990-1991 Gulf War after Iraq attacked Kuwait
* 2001/9/11 terrorist attack on World Trade centre
* 2001-2008 War in Afghanistan
* 2003-2008 Iraq War

==People==
Task: retrieve birth- and death-dates (bring names into correct order), link into Wikipedia, and write a one or two sentence statement on historical importance

* Thomas Beckett (c. 1118 – 29 December 1170) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket]- Had a conflict with King Henry II about the rights and privileges of the church; he was assassinated by followers of the king and is known as a saint and martyr by the Roman Catholic and the Anglican Church.
* John of England 1166-1216 ("John Lackland")[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lackland_of_England] Was the King of England from 6 April 1199-1216 . He is known as the enemy of Robin Hood but especially for the Magna Carta [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta], a document limiting his power which is popularly thought as an early first step in the evolution of modern democracy.
* John Wycliffe (1320s-1384)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe]Was an English theologian, an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century and is considered the founder of the Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. Wycliffe was also an early advocate for translation of the Bible and completed his translation in the year 1382, now known as the Wycliffe Bible.
* Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII]Was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He is known for his political struggles with Rome which ultimately led to the separation of the Anglican Church from the Roman hierarchy, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. [http://tudors.crispen.org/]
* Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I]Was the illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII but nevertheless became Queen of England on 17 November 1558. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. She never married and became famous for her virginity.
* Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style– 3 September 1658 Old Style) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell]He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. He is best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death in 1658.
* John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke]Was an English philosopher and is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers who influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, as well as the American revolutionaries. This influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke defined the "self" through a continuity of "consciousness" and maintained that people are born without innate ideas.
* Adam Smith (5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith]Was a Scottish moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and one of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith book The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.
* Abraham Lincoln (12 February 1809 – 15 April 1865)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln]was the sixteenth President of the United States (elected in 1861). He successfully led the country through the American Civil War, saving the Union and ending slavery. He issued his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. He became the first president who was assassinated in 1865 and is seen as a martyr for the ideal of national unity.
* Charles Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin] was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the process he called natural selection. The fact that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and the general public in his lifetime and had a great impact on cultural theory.
* Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx]credited as the founder of communism. Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, will produce internal tensions which will lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, capitalism itself will be displaced by communism, a stateless, classless society which emerges after a transitional period, the 'dictatorship of the proletariat'.
* Queen Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria]Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the first Empress of India until her death. Her reign as Queen lasted 63 years and seven months. The period centred on her reign is known as the Victorian era. This era represented the height of the Industrial Revolution and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire.
* Thomas Alva Edison (11 February 1847 – 18 October 1931)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison]Was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.
* Cecil Rhodes (5 July 1853 – 26 March 1902) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes]was an English-born businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa. He was an ardent believer in colonialism and was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him and became Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively. Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was destined to greatness.
* Henry Ford (30 July 1863 – 7 April 1947)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford]was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and the American industry. As owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world
* Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Ghandhi]was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, for expanding women's rights, for building religious and ethnic amity, for ending untouchability, for increasing economic self-reliance and for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination.
* Nelson Mandela (born 18 July 1918)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela]was the first President of South Africa to be elected in a fully representative democratic election, serving in the office from 1994–1999. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist and because of that Mandela had to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. In South Africa and internationally, Mandela's opposition to apartheid made him a symbol of freedom and equality for many.
* Henry Kissinger (27 May 1923)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger]He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the Richard Nixon administration. Kissinger emerged unscathed from the Watergate scandal, and maintained his powerful position when Gerald Ford became President.
* Martin Luther King, Jr.(15 January 1929 – 4 April 1968)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King]was an African American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.

:spannende Arbeit! --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 09:56, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Talk:2008-09 BM2 Introduction to Anglophone Cultural Studies, Part 1

2009-01-12T18:46:27Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Timeline */

Ich hatte im 1. Semester die glorreiche Idee BM2 zu schieben. Als "Ersti" hatte ich das Gefühl nicht alles gut genug schaffen zu können, wenn ich mich auf soviel konzentriere. Nun kann ich leider viele Aufbaumodule nicht belegen, weil BM2 vorausgesetzt wird. Ist es möglich wenn ich jetzt mit dem BM2 anfange parallel so ein Blockseminar im Februar zu besuchen? Dann hätte ich ja wenigstens den 1. Teil vom BM2 schon mal. Ärgerlich. Da habe ich mich wohl im 1. Semester verkalkuliert. 
:...schon per e-mail geregelt, machen wir, auch im Interesse des Blockseminars. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 15:25, 27 August 2008 (CEST)
::Dann wäre eine für alle sichtbare Antwort an dieser Stelle sinnvoll (gewesen), da ich mir denken kann, dass diese Frage mehrere Studenten haben (und hier gucken, ob es eine Antwort darauf gibt). Deshalb fake edit. [[User:Verena Engelhardt|Verena Engelhardt]] 15:26, 27 August 2008 (CEST)

Wo steht eigentlich nochmal die Info welche chapter wir jedesmal vorbereiten sollen?

----
Die Fragen am Ende der letzten Vorlesung haben es wieder einmal gezeigt; Keiner weiß, was man denn genau lernen muss für die Klausur.
Und irgendwie habe ich pers. auch den Eindruck dass zwischen den Lektoren keine Übereinstimmung bezüglich dieser Frage herrscht.
Das ganze wirkt dann auch auf die Tutoriengestaltung, und mittlerweile sind es nur noch ca. 10 Personen, die erscheinen(Freitags zumindest).[[User:Dimitri.simons|Dimitri.simons]] 17:41, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

:Hier eine kurze Vorinformation zum written test
:* Dauer: 60 Minuten + etwas Reservezeit
:* Teil 1: (30 Minuten) kurze Faktenfragen, möglicherweise multiple choice, die in die verschiedenen Bereiche gehen und Breite des gemeinwissens erfassen
:* Teil 2: Zwei Fragen (Bearbeitungszeit je 15 Minuten) auszuwählen aus sechs Fragen (zu verschiedenen Gebieten der Vorlesung) - mit dem Ziel, Raum für eine knappe Darstellung von Zusammenhänge respektive Argumentationen zu geben

:Vorbereitung: Wir werden in der Sitzung zum 17. Dezember zwei Listen ausgeben. Die erste besteht aus Daten und Ereignissen, die Euch etwas sagen müssen, die zweite, nennt Personen, über deren historische Bedeutung ihr ein knappes Bild haben solltet. Ihr könnt die Informationen aus den Powerpoint Folien beziehen oder aus Medien wie Wikipedia.
:Die sechs eingehenderen Fragen, aus denen Ihr zwei auszuwählen habt, um 15 Minuten darüber zu schreiben nehmen Fragen auf, die in den Präsentationen gestellt wurden. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 16:16, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

==Timeline==

===Prehistoric Period===
*700,000 years ago: human settlements on later British soil, the later British Islands still part of the continental shelf. Several several glacial and interglacial periods in which hunter-gatherers appear and reappear
* 70,000 and 10,000 years ago: last ice age, extreme cold snap between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago
* 7500 to 6000 years ago: Meltwater causes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise see level rise] of 120 m, and separation of Ireland from Britsh mainland, and of British isles from continental shelf
* 3100-1600 BC [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge Stonehenge] in use. Similar constructs of megalith culture can be found all over western Europe
* 500-50 BC predominance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt Celtic] culture.

===0-1000===
* 43-410 Romanisation of Celts in modern England (122/142 Hadrian’s and Antonine walls against northern Picts) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hadrians_Wall_map.png map]
* 410 Romans leave Great Britain, power vacuum, waves of Saxons, Angels and Jutes found kingdoms on British soil
* 597 Beginning of Christianisation under St. Augustin
* 793 Lindisfarne raided by Vikings, next three centuries: Viking settlements in northern England

===1000-1500===
* 1014-1042 Danish Rule, line of succession ends with son of Canute the Great
* 1066 Battle of Hastings, Franco-Norman rule under William I
* 1215 John Lackland has to grant the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta Magna Carta] to avoid conflict with English barons, parliament and civil rights strengthened
* 1290 Jews expelled from England
* 1380-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer, ''Canterbury Tales''
* 1339-1453 Hundred Years War against France, rise of English Nationalism
* 1453-1487 War of the Roses: Dynastic Conflict
* 1473 Caxton's press produces first printed book in London
* 1497-1583 Newfoundland claimed by England, several colonies founded on East coast in competition with Spanish, French, and Dutch colonisation

===1500-1599===
* 1538 Henry VIII Establishes Anglican Church
* 1553-1558 rule of Mary I (1516-1558), Catholicism re-established almost 300 dissenters burned at the stake
* 1560 Reformation in Scotland, organised by John Knox, Presbiterian, Calvinist Church
* 1558–1603 Elizabethan era, Protestantism reestablished, 1590-1611 Shakespeare's plays
* 1585-1604 Conflicts with Spain (Francis Drake and the Armada) over Naval Supremacy and Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium) and Ireland

===1600-1699===
* 1600 East India Company founded, several similar shareholder companies follow with trade monopolies granted by crown. Colonialisation basically achieved by commercial enterprises protected by English/ British crown.
* 1611 King James Bilbe Authorised Version
* 1640-1660 Civil War and Commonwealth
* 1641 Star Chamber abolished history of press wars ensues and goes on till today
* 1649 Charles I beheaded (January 30)
* 1651 Thomas Hobbes ''Leviathan'' published (plea for absolute monarchy and subordination of religion, perceived as an atheist's theory of state by all sides)
* 1660-1689 Restoration of monarchy, libertine court, wars between England and Netherlands as strongest naval powers
* 1666 London destroyed in Great Fire
* 1688/89 Glorious Revolution William of Orange (Dutch) ascends throne, Bill of Rights, new press laws, new laws on religious toleration: 1690 John Locke, ''On Toleration'' (1690), ''Two Treatises of Government'' (1690), ''Essay Concerning Humane Understanding'' (1690)

===1700-1799===
* 1707 Act of Union: England/ Wales/ Scotland become one Kingdom (a union existed de facto since James I and the Stuart ascension)
* 1719 Daniel Defoe ''Robinson Crusoe'' (author stood on pilory in 1703 after publishing his ''Shortest Way with Dissenters'' (1702).
* 1720 South Sea Bubble, Walpole strengthened ans political manager, status of prime minister evolves
* 1754 Battle of Plassey (India), British East India Company exercises military power and assumes administrative functions in India
* 1756-1763 The Seven Years' War: Ends France position as a major colonial power in the Americas
* 1770 James Cook's Expedition
* 1774-1776 USA [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/declare.asp Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776]
* 1750s-1830s Industrial revolution with use of steam energy, second phase 1830-1900 with new energy supplies, growing infrastructure and Industrialization of USA.

===1800-1899===
* 1810s-1830s riots against mechanisation
* 1837-1901 Rule of Queen Victoria
* 1848 Karl Marx' ''The Communist Manifesto'' published, Marx moves to England (1849) where he works til his death in 1883
* 1857 Indian Rebellion, 1858: British Crown assumes direct administration over India
* 1859 Charles Darwin ''Origin of Species'' published. Evolution theory rises against short history of Earth (as created in 4404 BC by God). Impact on cultural theory: Human culture evolved slowly. Efforts taken to speed up developments.
* 1861-1865 American Civil War
* 1869 after 11 years of work (based on the forced work of over 30,000 people), Suez Canal opened. 1880s Begin of British Colonisation of Africa
* 1882 The "Chinese Exclusion Act"
* 1890s-1918 Enfranchisement of women in Great Britain, USA: 1918
* 1895-: silent era of film; 1927: beginning of sound era of film (with ''The Jazz Singer'')
* 1899-1902 Philippine-American War, invasion, ends with Fall of First Philippine Republic, land acquisition by American companies, destabilisation of Catholic church and long term efforts to introduce English as lingua franca

===1900 till Today===
* 1914-1918, WWI, 1917: US enters the war
* 1920s onwards: radio broadcastings; history of radio, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio
* 1928: television service begins in the US, 1929, television service begins in the UK; households with a TV set in the US: 0,5 % in 1946, more than 50% in 1954. Reading suggestion: Tichi, Cecelia. ''Electronic Hearth: Creating American Television Culture''. New York & Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991.
* 1929-1931 US-American economic crisis affects the whole world
* 1930s USA: New Deal economic recovery and reform programs
* 1939-1945 World War II, Allied Nations against Germany, Italy, Japan. Use of first Atom bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 1945
* 1950s-1990s several US American Interventions in Latin America
* 1950-1953 Korean War of North against South Korea
* 1964 USA: Civil Rights Act
* 1965 USA: Immigration and “Naturalization Act”
* 1959-1975 Vietnam War with pre-history of confrontations involving Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam and European powers
* 1970s GB: Economic crisis
* 1973: The United Kingdom becomes a member of the European Union
* 1979-1989 United States CIA program to arm the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan
* 1989 Salman Rushdie, ''Satanic Verses'' published. Ensuing confrontation between religious republic of Iran and secular west.
* 1990-1991 Gulf War after Iraq attacked Kuwait
* 2001/9/11 terrorist attack on World Trade centre
* 2001-2008 War in Afghanistan
* 2003-2008 Iraq War

Ich lerne grade 4 Seiten Daten auswendig für Mittwoch (kann man damit 50 % knacken?) und verstehe folgenden Satz nicht:
"1641 Star Chamber abolished history of press wars ensues and goes until today"

==People==
Task: retrieve birth- and death-dates (bring names into correct order), link into Wikipedia, and write a one or two sentence statement on historical importance

* Thomas Beckett (c. 1118 – 29 December 1170) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket]- Had a conflict with King Henry II about the rights and privileges of the church; he was assassinated by followers of the king and is known as a saint and martyr by the Roman Catholic and the Anglican Church.
* John of England 1166-1216 ("John Lackland")[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lackland_of_England] Was the King of England from 6 April 1199-1216 . He is known as the enemy of Robin Hood but especially for the Magna Carta [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta], a document limiting his power which is popularly thought as an early first step in the evolution of modern democracy.
* John Wycliffe (1320s-1384)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe]Was an English theologian, an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century and is considered the founder of the Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. Wycliffe was also an early advocate for translation of the Bible and completed his translation in the year 1382, now known as the Wycliffe Bible.
* Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII]Was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He is known for his political struggles with Rome which ultimately led to the separation of the Anglican Church from the Roman hierarchy, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. [http://tudors.crispen.org/]
* Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I]Was the illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII but nevertheless became Queen of England on 17 November 1558. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. She never married and became famous for her virginity.
* Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style– 3 September 1658 Old Style) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell]He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. He is best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death in 1658.
* John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke]Was an English philosopher and is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers who influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, as well as the American revolutionaries. This influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke defined the "self" through a continuity of "consciousness" and maintained that people are born without innate ideas.
* Adam Smith (5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith]Was a Scottish moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and one of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith book The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.
* Abraham Lincoln (12 February 1809 – 15 April 1865)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln]was the sixteenth President of the United States (elected in 1861). He successfully led the country through the American Civil War, saving the Union and ending slavery. He issued his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. He became the first president who was assassinated in 1865 and is seen as a martyr for the ideal of national unity.
* Charles Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin] was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the process he called natural selection. The fact that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and the general public in his lifetime and had a great impact on cultural theory.
* Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx]credited as the founder of communism. Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, will produce internal tensions which will lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, capitalism itself will be displaced by communism, a stateless, classless society which emerges after a transitional period, the 'dictatorship of the proletariat'.
* Queen Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria]Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the first Empress of India until her death. Her reign as Queen lasted 63 years and seven months. The period centred on her reign is known as the Victorian era. This era represented the height of the Industrial Revolution and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire.
* Thomas Alva Edison (11 February 1847 – 18 October 1931)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison]Was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.
* Cecil Rhodes (5 July 1853 – 26 March 1902) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes]was an English-born businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa. He was an ardent believer in colonialism and was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him and became Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively. Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was destined to greatness.
* Henry Ford (30 July 1863 – 7 April 1947)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford]was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and the American industry. As owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world
* Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Ghandhi]was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, for expanding women's rights, for building religious and ethnic amity, for ending untouchability, for increasing economic self-reliance and for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination.
* Nelson Mandela (born 18 July 1918)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela]was the first President of South Africa to be elected in a fully representative democratic election, serving in the office from 1994–1999. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist and because of that Mandela had to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. In South Africa and internationally, Mandela's opposition to apartheid made him a symbol of freedom and equality for many.
* Henry Kissinger (27 May 1923)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger]He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the Richard Nixon administration. Kissinger emerged unscathed from the Watergate scandal, and maintained his powerful position when Gerald Ford became President.
* Martin Luther King, Jr.(15 January 1929 – 4 April 1968)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King]was an African American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.

:spannende Arbeit! --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 09:56, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Talk:2008-09 BM2 Introduction to Anglophone Cultural Studies, Part 1

2008-11-02T05:47:20Z

Almut Siepmann:

Talk:2008-09 BM2 Introduction to Anglophone Cultural Studies, Part 1

2008-08-26T07:23:32Z

Almut Siepmann:

Talk:2008 BM1-D Introduction to the Critical and Scholarly Discussion of Literature, Part 2

2008-08-04T16:04:01Z

Almut Siepmann:

Hallo,
I try to find these examples for the term paper project and I can't find them! Can somebody show me where they are!?

Thanks--[[User:Lena Stüttelberg|Lena Stüttelberg]] 16:49, 23 July 2008 (CEST)

:Hi. Do you mean this one? http://www.wiki.uni-oldenburg.de/fk3/angl-am/index.php?title=BM1_-_Introduction_to_Literature_-_Assignment_4:_Research_Paper_Outline
:It's from the last summer semester. [[User:Verena Engelhardt|Verena Engelhardt]] 19:03, 23 July 2008 (CEST)

::Vielleicht könnt Ihr die Tutoren letzten Jahres oder Studenten letzten Jahres dazu bewegen, Ihre Assignments in wiki-Dateien zu setzen und zu verlinken. Ich finde es gut, wenn die Nächsten von den Letzten lernen --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 19:06, 23 July 2008 (CEST)

:::Meinst Du das Anlegen einer neue Wiki-Seite oder das Hochladen einer z.B. schreibgeschützte doc. Datei auf den Server und dann zu verlinken? [[User:Verena Engelhardt|Verena Engelhardt]] 19:11, 23 July 2008 (CEST)

Thank you very much for the link, but are there excamples I mean real text that somebody wrote as a work in progress?--[[User:Lena Stüttelberg|Lena Stüttelberg]] 11:53, 29 July 2008 (CEST)

In that link it says that all participants will be asked to go on a meeting especially for the research paper outline, when will that be or did already do that in one of the meetings on tuesday morning?
:Dear Lena, Sorry for that piece of obsolete information - I have just canceled it. As we have included discussions about the RPO within the individual course sessions, the counseling tutorials were skipped this semester. Check the following [[BM1 - Introduction to Literature - Assignment 4: Research Paper Outline:Example|example]] of a research paper outline. Please, bear in mind that the text is meant to be a general guidance, not necessarily a perfect model. For more ideas, also look up samples from student assignments 1-3 on the respective assignment discussion pages. Best, [[User:Anna Auguscik|Anna Auguscik]] 12:17, 29 July 2008 (CEST)

Thank you so much, that example helps me a lot to just know in what way the whole thing has to be done!
--[[User:Lena Stüttelberg|Lena Stüttelberg]] 16:34, 1 August 2008 (CEST)

Are we supposed to give secondary literature for every part of our table of contents?

:Not necessarily. You have to find enough to justify your question. We are looking for a - promising - basis on which you could begin your work. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 13:23, 2 August 2008 (CEST)

I have a problem by finding articles in the MLA about Fight Club. The page always gives me the information that there are no articles. Can I please get a hint what I am doing wrong? I remember from writting my excerpt about King Lear last semester that using the MLA was pretty simple. Hm. Last semester the page was linked from the wikki. I don't find that link anymore. Maybe my mistake is that I googled it and did not enter the page from the university wikki account? Or is it true that there are no articles?

:Have you seen the information Anna collected - at: [[David Fincher (dir.), Fight Club (1999 film)]] - the MLA is not the best tool to find articles in the field of film studies, I regret... --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 16:08, 4 August 2008 (CEST)

::Yes, I've seen these articles and they helped a little. The problem is that my topic seems to be not discussed before. It is quiet difficult for me to build a breathtaking bibliography or at least one that counts more than three references. Well, I will find a solution.

Talk:2008 BM1-D Introduction to the Critical and Scholarly Discussion of Literature, Part 2

2008-08-04T10:16:55Z

Almut Siepmann:

Talk:2008 BM1-D Introduction to the Critical and Scholarly Discussion of Literature, Part 2

2008-08-04T09:59:32Z

Almut Siepmann:

Hallo,
I try to find these examples for the term paper project and I can't find them! Can somebody show me where they are!?

Thanks--[[User:Lena Stüttelberg|Lena Stüttelberg]] 16:49, 23 July 2008 (CEST)

:Hi. Do you mean this one? http://www.wiki.uni-oldenburg.de/fk3/angl-am/index.php?title=BM1_-_Introduction_to_Literature_-_Assignment_4:_Research_Paper_Outline
:It's from the last summer semester. [[User:Verena Engelhardt|Verena Engelhardt]] 19:03, 23 July 2008 (CEST)

::Vielleicht könnt Ihr die Tutoren letzten Jahres oder Studenten letzten Jahres dazu bewegen, Ihre Assignments in wiki-Dateien zu setzen und zu verlinken. Ich finde es gut, wenn die Nächsten von den Letzten lernen --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 19:06, 23 July 2008 (CEST)

:::Meinst Du das Anlegen einer neue Wiki-Seite oder das Hochladen einer z.B. schreibgeschützte doc. Datei auf den Server und dann zu verlinken? [[User:Verena Engelhardt|Verena Engelhardt]] 19:11, 23 July 2008 (CEST)

Thank you very much for the link, but are there excamples I mean real text that somebody wrote as a work in progress?--[[User:Lena Stüttelberg|Lena Stüttelberg]] 11:53, 29 July 2008 (CEST)

In that link it says that all participants will be asked to go on a meeting especially for the research paper outline, when will that be or did already do that in one of the meetings on tuesday morning?
:Dear Lena, Sorry for that piece of obsolete information - I have just canceled it. As we have included discussions about the RPO within the individual course sessions, the counseling tutorials were skipped this semester. Check the following [[BM1 - Introduction to Literature - Assignment 4: Research Paper Outline:Example|example]] of a research paper outline. Please, bear in mind that the text is meant to be a general guidance, not necessarily a perfect model. For more ideas, also look up samples from student assignments 1-3 on the respective assignment discussion pages. Best, [[User:Anna Auguscik|Anna Auguscik]] 12:17, 29 July 2008 (CEST)

Thank you so much, that example helps me a lot to just know in what way the whole thing has to be done!
--[[User:Lena Stüttelberg|Lena Stüttelberg]] 16:34, 1 August 2008 (CEST)

Are we supposed to give secondary literature for every part of our table of contents?

:Not necessarily. You have to find enough to justify your question. We are looking for a - promising - basis on which you could begin your work. --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 13:23, 2 August 2008 (CEST)

I have a problem by finding articles in the MLA about Fight Club. The page always gives me the information that there are no articles. Can I please get a hint what I am doing wrong? I remember from writting my excerpt about King Lear last semester that using the MLA was pretty simple. Hm. Last semester the page was linked from the wikki. I don't find that link anymore. Maybe my mistake is that I googled and did not enter the page from the university? Or is it true that there are no articles?

Talk:2008 BM1 Assignment 3: Jekyll and Hyde

2008-06-20T09:26:43Z

Almut Siepmann:

Do you have any idea how the direct speech of Utterson fits to his character?

I am also unsure if I am supposed to write something about the focalisation in question 4. It asks for the narrative mode in this passage in relation to the narrative structure of the whole text. Now I am a little confused, because in my opinion the focalisation must be left out in this part, but on the other hand one cannot make always a clean cut between focalisation and narration. How do you think about about leaving out focalisation in this task?

Help me if you can, I'm feeling down.
And I do appreciate you being 'round.
Help me get my feet back on the ground,
Won't you please, please help me? [beatles]

Talk:2008 BM1 Assignment 3: Jekyll and Hyde

2008-06-19T06:01:50Z

Almut Siepmann:

Talk:2008 BM1 Assignment 3: Jekyll and Hyde

2008-06-19T04:14:23Z

Almut Siepmann:

Do you have any idea how the direct speech of Utterson fits to his character?

Talk:2008 BM1 Assignment 2: Antony and Cleopatra

2008-05-23T20:23:37Z

Almut Siepmann: /* EXcerpt questions */

In fact I have only one question:
How can I answer 5 questions properly on only 3 pages (especially with that given style sheet)?
Would be very much kind if someone can explain that to me...and the lines are incorrect.when we set the starting line with 123 then I count 166 or am I wrong? (as it is important for giving the sections)
Cheerz!

--[[User:Jessika Thiele]] 22:28, 22 May 2008 (CEST)

1. I think using our textbook for the line-references would be the best solution.
2. I agree that question 5 looks rather extensive compared to the other tasks, but since every question offers the chance to earn the same number of points, I don't think that the teachers expect a very long, detailed answer here. --[[User:Alena Ruether|Alena Ruether]] 17:47, 23 May 2008 (CEST)

Da hast Du Recht! Die Aufgaben sind viel zu umfangreich und wenn man etwas rausließe, würde sich dies mit Sicherheit negativ auf die Note auswirken, da es dann nicht detailliert genug wäre.
Darüber hinaus bin ich auch der Ansicht, dass das in den Aufgaben geforderte nicht ausreichend im Seminar besprochen wurde. Ich fühle mich mit der Aufgabenstellung doch sehr allein gelassen!

I now started task 3...characterization.Am a little deep into Agrippa's speech...to me it seems kinda mixture between a dialogue (in first lines) and then it has more traits of a monologue...now on that sheet with the nice headline ''Analysing Dramatic Communication'' there is only choice between dialogue and soliloquy.quite confusing. So am I wrong and it is mainly a soliloquy? and whyyyyyy?
As I thought a soliloquy is some kind of monolgue without anyone watching.
Cheerz!
--[[User:Jessika Thiele]] 18:02, 23 May 2008 (CEST)

== EXcerpt questions ==

I do have the same problems!
And last time (first assignment)it really helped to have a look into the assignments from last semester! But I don't know how to get there! So could anybody put the link in here?
That would be very kind!
I hope that will help!
Good luck to all the other --[[User:Lena Stüttelberg|Lena Stüttelberg]] 18:41, 23 May 2008 (CEST)

Goto "Main Page" (left side), click "materials" (right side), then "Category: Tests", then "Assignment". But that won't help you since there ain't no example of any 2nd assignments. Or is it that I just can't see it, find it, or is the whole path I just described wrong? I need some help too...

Just viewed the next problem: the passage thats being typed into the assignments "article" (btw: she 's called CLEOPATRA!;-) ) includes Lepidus' "Happily amen!", but Lepidus would be the FOURTH character. In 3. CAHARCTERISATION there are just THREE characters to characterise. CONFUSING ALL THIS! I hope that this is to be disregarded cause Lepidus just goes on my nerves (only concerning this assignment, this is!).

Next problem (beloved Task 3 again): To what extend are we supposed to "anayse the effect"?!? I surely could write ten or more pages... Time is running!

I kind of like the plan that we don’t have to write ten pages. My solution for keeping it short is to just grab out a few passages which I analyse and then give a short statement with the quotation to underline it.

It helped me a lot to read the solutions of the assignments of 2007. Just search with the search function “assignment solution” and you will get there.

William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (1607)

2008-05-10T08:44:22Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Act I: Scene 1.1 */

*Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Folio edition from 1623 at [http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99846615&FILE=../session/1207590341_11710&SEARCHSCREEN=CITATIONS&VID=11596&PAGENO=427&ZOOM=&VIEWPORT=&SEARCHCONFIG=var_spell.cfg&DISPLAY=AUTHOR&HIGHLIGHT_KEYWORD= EEBO]

==Act I==

===Act I: Scene 1.1===

Philo (follower of Antony) enters and introduces the plot by telling what a great warrior Antony was, and how addicted he is now to Cleopatra. Antony disappoints Demetrius and Philo with his change.

One gets the impression of the love affair between Antony and Cleopatra. She is able to dominate him because he adores her so much. They argue a lot, because The Queen of Egypt does not feel loved enough (he is married with Fulvia), and disrespects Antony for taking orders from Caesar and Rome.

===Act I: Scene 1.2===

==Act II==

==Act III==

==Act IV==

==Act V==

[[Category:17th century|1607]]
[[Category:1600s|1607]]
[[Category:By author|Shakespeare, William]]

William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (1607)

2008-05-10T08:42:53Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Act I: Scene 1.1 */

*Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Folio edition from 1623 at [http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99846615&FILE=../session/1207590341_11710&SEARCHSCREEN=CITATIONS&VID=11596&PAGENO=427&ZOOM=&VIEWPORT=&SEARCHCONFIG=var_spell.cfg&DISPLAY=AUTHOR&HIGHLIGHT_KEYWORD= EEBO]

==Act I==

===Act I: Scene 1.1===

Philo (follower of Antony) enters and introduces the plot by telling what a great warrior Antony was, and how addicted he is now to Cleopatra. Antony disappoints Demetrius and Philo with his change.

One gets the impression of the love affair between Antony and Cleopatra. She is able to dominate him because he adores her so much. They argue a lot, because The queen does not feel loved enough, and disrespects Antony for taking orders from Caesar.

===Act I: Scene 1.2===

==Act II==

==Act III==

==Act IV==

==Act V==

[[Category:17th century|1607]]
[[Category:1600s|1607]]
[[Category:By author|Shakespeare, William]]

William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (1607)

2008-05-10T08:41:52Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Act I: Scene 1.1 */

*Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Folio edition from 1623 at [http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99846615&FILE=../session/1207590341_11710&SEARCHSCREEN=CITATIONS&VID=11596&PAGENO=427&ZOOM=&VIEWPORT=&SEARCHCONFIG=var_spell.cfg&DISPLAY=AUTHOR&HIGHLIGHT_KEYWORD= EEBO]

==Act I==

===Act I: Scene 1.1===

Demetrius + Philo = follower of Antony //
Charmian + Iras = attendants on Cleopatra (her ladies)

Philo enters and introduces the plot by telling what a great warrior Antony was, and how addicted he is now to Cleopatra. Antony disappoints Demetrius and Philo with his change.

One gets the impression of the love affair between Antony and Cleopatra. She is able to dominate him because he adores her so much. They argue a lot, because The queen does not feel loved enough, and disrespects Antony for taking orders from Caesar.

===Act I: Scene 1.2===

==Act II==

==Act III==

==Act IV==

==Act V==

[[Category:17th century|1607]]
[[Category:1600s|1607]]
[[Category:By author|Shakespeare, William]]

William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (1607)

2008-05-10T08:37:36Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Act I: Scene 1.1 */

*Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Folio edition from 1623 at [http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99846615&FILE=../session/1207590341_11710&SEARCHSCREEN=CITATIONS&VID=11596&PAGENO=427&ZOOM=&VIEWPORT=&SEARCHCONFIG=var_spell.cfg&DISPLAY=AUTHOR&HIGHLIGHT_KEYWORD= EEBO]

==Act I==

===Act I: Scene 1.1===

Demetrius + Philo = follower of Antony //
Charmian + Iras = attendants on Cleopatra (her ladies)

Philo enters and introduces the plot by telling what a great warrior Antony was, and how addicted he is now to Cleopatra. Antony disappoints Demetrius and Philo with his change.

Cleopatra asks Antony how much he loves her. She knows that he adores her a lot and likes to play with him. The Queen of Egypt is jealous, because Antony is married with Fulvia. This can be mentioned when a messenger came in with news from Rome, and Cleopatra immediately thinks of a message by Fulvia. It can also be a message by Caesar. They start arguing with each other. The queen does not feel loved enough and she sees Antony as a man who takes orders from Caesar.

===Act I: Scene 1.2===

==Act II==

==Act III==

==Act IV==

==Act V==

[[Category:17th century|1607]]
[[Category:1600s|1607]]
[[Category:By author|Shakespeare, William]]

William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (1607)

2008-05-10T08:36:22Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Act I: Scene 1.1 */

*Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Folio edition from 1623 at [http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99846615&FILE=../session/1207590341_11710&SEARCHSCREEN=CITATIONS&VID=11596&PAGENO=427&ZOOM=&VIEWPORT=&SEARCHCONFIG=var_spell.cfg&DISPLAY=AUTHOR&HIGHLIGHT_KEYWORD= EEBO]

==Act I==

===Act I: Scene 1.1===

Demetrius + Philo = follower of Antony //
Charmian + Iras = attendants on Cleopatra (her ladies)

Philo enters and introduces the plot by telling what a great warrior Antony was, and how addicted he is now to Cleopatra. Antony disappoints Demetrius and Philo with his change.

Cleopatra asks Antony how much he loves her. She knows that he adores her a lot and likes to play with him. The Queen of Egypt is jealous, because Antony is married with Fulvia. This can be mentioned when a messenger came in with news from Rome, and Cleopatra immediately thinks of a message by Fulvia. It can also be a message by Caesar. They start arguing with each other. The queen does not feel loved enough and she sees Antony as a man who takes orders from Caesar.

==Act II==

==Act III==

==Act IV==

==Act V==

[[Category:17th century|1607]]
[[Category:1600s|1607]]
[[Category:By author|Shakespeare, William]]

William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (1607)

2008-05-10T08:35:45Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Act I: Scene 1.1 */

*Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Folio edition from 1623 at [http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99846615&FILE=../session/1207590341_11710&SEARCHSCREEN=CITATIONS&VID=11596&PAGENO=427&ZOOM=&VIEWPORT=&SEARCHCONFIG=var_spell.cfg&DISPLAY=AUTHOR&HIGHLIGHT_KEYWORD= EEBO]

==Act I==

===Act I: Scene 1.1===

Demetrius + Philo = follower of Antony //
Charmian + Iras = attendants on Cleopatra (her ladies)

Philo enters and introduces the plot by telling what a great warrior Antony was, and how addicted he is now to Cleopatra. He disappoints them with his change.

Cleopatra asks Antony how much he loves her. She knows that he adores her a lot and likes to play with him. The Queen of Egypt is jealous, because Antony is married with Fulvia. This can be mentioned when a messenger came in with news from Rome, and Cleopatra immediately thinks of a message by Fulvia. It can also be a message by Caesar. They start arguing with each other. The queen does not feel loved enough and she sees Antony as a man who takes orders from Caesar.

==Act II==

==Act III==

==Act IV==

==Act V==

[[Category:17th century|1607]]
[[Category:1600s|1607]]
[[Category:By author|Shakespeare, William]]

William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (1607)

2008-05-10T08:35:31Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Act I: Scene 1.1 */

*Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Folio edition from 1623 at [http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99846615&FILE=../session/1207590341_11710&SEARCHSCREEN=CITATIONS&VID=11596&PAGENO=427&ZOOM=&VIEWPORT=&SEARCHCONFIG=var_spell.cfg&DISPLAY=AUTHOR&HIGHLIGHT_KEYWORD= EEBO]

==Act I==

===Act I: Scene 1.1===

Demetrius + Philo = follower of Antony//
Charmian + Iras = attendants on Cleopatra (her ladies)

Philo enters and introduces the plot by telling what a great warrior Antony was, and how addicted he is now to Cleopatra. He disappoints them with his change.

Cleopatra asks Antony how much he loves her. She knows that he adores her a lot and likes to play with him. The Queen of Egypt is jealous, because Antony is married with Fulvia. This can be mentioned when a messenger came in with news from Rome, and Cleopatra immediately thinks of a message by Fulvia. It can also be a message by Caesar. They start arguing with each other. The queen does not feel loved enough and she sees Antony as a man who takes orders from Caesar.

==Act II==

==Act III==

==Act IV==

==Act V==

[[Category:17th century|1607]]
[[Category:1600s|1607]]
[[Category:By author|Shakespeare, William]]

William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (1607)

2008-05-10T08:35:15Z

Almut Siepmann: /* Act I: Scene 1.1 */

*Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Folio edition from 1623 at [http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=99846615&FILE=../session/1207590341_11710&SEARCHSCREEN=CITATIONS&VID=11596&PAGENO=427&ZOOM=&VIEWPORT=&SEARCHCONFIG=var_spell.cfg&DISPLAY=AUTHOR&HIGHLIGHT_KEYWORD= EEBO]

==Act I==

===Act I: Scene 1.1===

Demetrius + Philo = follower of Antony
Charmian + Iras = attendants on Cleopatra (her ladies)

Philo enters and introduces the plot by telling what a great warrior Antony was, and how addicted he is now to Cleopatra. He disappoints them with his change.

Cleopatra asks Antony how much he loves her. She knows that he adores her a lot and likes to play with him. The Queen of Egypt is jealous, because Antony is married with Fulvia. This can be mentioned when a messenger came in with news from Rome, and Cleopatra immediately thinks of a message by Fulvia. It can also be a message by Caesar. They start arguing with each other. The queen does not feel loved enough and she sees Antony as a man who takes orders from Caesar.

==Act II==

==Act III==

==Act IV==

==Act V==

[[Category:17th century|1607]]
[[Category:1600s|1607]]
[[Category:By author|Shakespeare, William]]

Pierre Daniel Huet, Traitté de l’origine des romans (1670)

2007-11-03T08:00:13Z

Almut Siepmann: /* 54 */

==Editions==
*Pierre Daniel Huet, ''Treatise of Romances'', 1670, first English translation (1672). [http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/anglistik/lit-wiss/intro-to-literature/d/1672_huet__treatise_of_romances.pdf Oldenburg Anglistikserver]
*Pierre Daniel Huet, ''History of Romances'', 1670, translated by Stephen Lewis (1715) [http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?vrsn=1.0&dd=0&locID=bis&b1=KE&srchtp=b&d1=0143100500&SU=All&c=2&ste=10&d4=0.33&stp=DateAscend&dc=tiPG&n=10&docNum=CW110602030&b0=huet&tiPG=1 ECCO] [http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/anglistik/lit-wiss/intro-to-literature/d/1715_huet__history_of_romances.pdf Oldenburg Anglistikserver]
unter diesem [http://www.wiki.uni-oldenburg.de/fk3/angl-am/index.php?title=Pierre_Daniel_Huet%2C_Traitt%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99origine_des_romans_%281670%29&action=history link] könnt Ihr einsehen, wie der nachfolgende Text zusammengebaut wurde.

Laßt bei Absätzen einfach eine Leerzeile - und pafft auf die langen s auf - da gibts einen Unterfchied zwifchen s und f... :) --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 10:28, 31 October 2007 (CET)

==Links==

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitt%C3%A9_de_l%27origine_des_romans Pierre Daniel Huet, Traitté de l’origine des romans (1670).] - English Wikipedia with a lengthy excerpt.
* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitt%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99origine_des_romans Pierre Daniel Huet, Traitté de l’origine des romans (1670)] - German Wikipedia with an article on Huet's book.

__NOTOC__

==Text of the English edition published in 1715==

==Short Title==

[ornament] THE| HISTORY| OF| ROMANCES [ornament]

==Title page==

THE| HISTORY| OF| ROMANCES.| AN| Enquiry into their ''Original'';| ''Instructions for Composing them'';| AN| Account of the most Eminent| AUTHORS;| With Characters, and Curious Observations| upon the Best Performance of that Kind.| [rule]| Written in ''Latin'' by HUETIUS;| Made ''English'' by| Mr. ''STEPHEN LEWIS.''| [rule] ——juvat integros accedere fontes,| Atque haurire. ''Lucr.''| [rule]| Rrinted for J HOOKE, at the ''Flower-de-luce'',| and T. CALDECOTT, at the ''Sun''; both against St.| ''Dunstan''’s Church in ''Fleetstreet''. 1715.

==i==

THE

PREFACE.

''THERE is not any Speculation, which affords a more agreeable Pleasure to the Mind, than that of beholding from what Obscure and Mean Beginnings, the most Polite and Entertaining Arts have''

==ii==

''risen to be the Admiration and Delight of Mankind. To pursue them up to the most abstruse Fountains, and then to view by what Steps they arise to Perfection; does not only excite an Amazement at their Increase; but an Impatient Desire of Inventing some New Subject, to be improv'd and advanc'd by Posterity.''

''The first Occasion of introducing'' ROMANCE ''into the World, was, without Dispute to mollify the Rigour of Precepts, by the Allurements of Example. Where the Mind can't be subdued into Virtue, by Reason and Philosophy; nothing can''

==iii==
''influence it more, than to present to it the Success and Felicity, which Crowns the Pursuit of what's Great and Honourable. As the'' Poet ''very elegantly alludes to'' Homer;

:Qui quid sit pulchum, quid turpe, quid utile, quid non
:Planius & melius, Chrysippo & Crantore dicit.

''And since in all Ages there were very few real Instances, fit to be proposed for Exact Patters of Imitation; the Ingenious'' Fabulist ''was forced to supply them out of his own Invention.''

==iv==
''Hence it appears, that the Original of'' Romance ''is very Ancient; since this Way of Promoting Virtue has been received in the Earliest Ages; as is evident from the first Records of Mankind. And as it stands very remote from Modern Ages; so, That is found out, must be an High Satisfaction to the Curious in Antiquity.''

''Upon this Account, They are very much indebted to the Labour and Penetration of'' Huetius; ''who has, with great Judgement, traced the Subject he undertook to Illustrate, till he found it in''

==v==
''its Infancy, involved in the Umbrage of'' Fable, ''and perplexed in the Folds of'' Mystery ''and'' Riddle.

''This Task was enjoin'd Him (He informs us)

==vi==
by his Aquaintance and Friend, Monsieur Segrais; a Gentleman very intimately versed in all Polite Learning; and admirably well qualified, to Discern and Judge, upon the Subject of ROMANCES; since He had discover'd himself to be a Compleat Master in the Art, by several inimitable Productions of that Nature, which he published in the Language of his Country: A Country, Famous for all Sorts of Delight-

==vii==

And, in my Opinion, the Man who acquits himselof well of the Province he undertakes, (tho' of small Importance) deserves as much, as He who has been more Fortunate in the Choice of a Subjekt for his Application

Without doubt, Huetius was sensible of this; otherwise he would have bestowed his Time to a better Account, since He had before approv'd himself very well to the World, by his Ingenious Performances in Divinity, and other Learning. And I dare assert, that none of his Labours have contributed more to his Reputation than his

==viii==

''Especially since ''Romance'' has of late convey'd it self very far into the Esteem of this Nation, and is become the Principal Diversion of the Retirement of People of all Conditions.''

==ix==

==xi==
has; This, I presume, is not the first Case, where a Good Design has aton'd for some slight Imperfections in the Prosecution of it.

==[xii]==

==1==
==2==
==3==
==4==
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==6==
==7==
==8==
==9==
==10==
==11==
same may be apply'd to Romances, with this Restraint, that a total Fiction of the Argument is more allowable in Romances, where the Actors are of indifferent Quality, (such are the Comic) than in Heroic Performances, where Princes and Conquerors are the Characters, and where the Adventures are Memorable and Illustrious; because it can't be probable that great Transactions and Events lie hid to the World, and neglected by Historians; and Probability, which is not always observ'd in History, is essential to a Romance.

I exclude that sort of History which is False throughout the whole Narration, but was invented

==12==
==13==
==14==
==15==
==16==

Discourse is Figures. They never express themselves but in Allegories. Their Theology and Philosophy, but principally their Politicks and Morals, are all disguised under Fables and Parables.

We may see by the Hieroglyphicks of the Egyptians, to what degree that Nation inclined to be Mysterious; every Thing with them was expressed by Images; all in Disguise. Their Religion was veil'd, and never disclos'd to the Vulgar, but under the Mask of Fables; which they never took off, but for the Information of such as were thought worthy to be initiated into their Arcana. Herodotus says, That the Greeks had from

==17==
==18==
==19==
==20==
==21==
==22==
==23==
==24==
==25==
==26==
==27==
==28==
which was Translated by the ''Hebrews'', and is at this Day to be found in the Libraries of the Curious. Father ''Poussin'', the Jesuit, has joined to his ''Pachymeron'', which he lately Printed at ''Rome'', a Dialogue between ''Absolom'', King of the ''Indies'', and a ''Gymnosophist'', upon several Questions of ''Morality''; where this Philosopher never expresses himself but in Fables, after the Manner of ''Aesop''. The Preface to this Book imports, that it was carefully kept in the Treasury of the Charters of the Realm; that ''Perzoez'' Physician of ''Chosroez'', King of ''Persia'', Translated it out of ''Indian'' and ''Persian'', some other out of ''Persian'' into ''Arabian'' and ''Simeon''

==29==
==30==
==31==
==32==
==33==
==34==
have since explained, illustrated, and digested them in their particular Works; and beside this have composed several Poems, Prologues and Apologues.

The ''Cyprians'' and ''Cilicians'' have invented certain Fables which bore the Name of the People of those Nations; and the particular Disposition of the ''Cilicians'' to Lying gave rise to one of the Ancientest Proverbs in ''Greece''.

In short, Fables have been in such Vogue all over these Countries, that (according to the Testimony of ''Lucian'',) there were particular Orders of Men among the ''Assyrians'' and ''Arabians'', whose sole (whole?) Province was to explain Fables; and who observed such a

==35==
Regularity in their Life, that they extended it much farther than other People.

But it is not enough to have discovered ''The Original of Romances''; we must see by what Streams they have spread and convey'd themselves into ''Greece'', and ''Italy'', and whether they have passed from thence to us; or we have received them from any other Nation. The ''Ionians'', a People of ''Asia Minor'', being raised to great Power, and having acquired vast Riches, immersed themselves into Luxury and Voluptuousness, and indulged themselves in all the Extravagancies of Plenty.

==36==
''Cyrus'' subdued them by making ''Cr&oelig;sus'' his Captive, with whom he received all ''Asia Minor'' into his Subjection. The ''Persians'' upon this Success admitted their Manners with their Laws, and mixed their Debauches with those their own Inclinations supplied them with, and so grew to be the most Voluptuous Nation in the World. They began to refine upon the Pleasures of the Table, by making the Addition of Flowers and Perfumes. They first invented the Ornaments for their houses. The finest Wools, and the richest Tapestries in the World were their Productions. They invented the lascivious Dance, call'd the ''Ionic''; and became so remarkable for Effemi-

==37==
nacy, that

==38==
But there were the first who corrupted them, and filled them with Lascivious and Amorous Narrations. Their Works are devoured by Time: We hear of no more than ''Aristides'' of them, who was the most Famous of the Romancers, and wrote several Books of Verse, called the ''Milesian'' Fables. I find that one ''Dionyius'', a ''Milesian'', who lived under the Reign of ''Darius'' the First, composed some Fabulous Histories; but since I can't certain whether this was any more than a compiling of Ancient Fables, and can't see sufficient Reason to believe, that they could properly be called ''Milesian'' Fables; I can't number

==39==
him among the Writers of Romance.
The ''Ionians'', descended from ''Attica'' and ''Peloponnesus'', out of the Deference they had for their Original, maintain'd a great Correspondence with the ''Greeks''. The Children of these Nations were sent from the one to the other for Education, that they might be the better acquainted with the Manners and Habit of Life of each other. By this Commerce ''Greece'', which had of it self Inclination enough to Fables, learned the Art of Romances from the ''Ionians'', and improved it with great Success. But to avoid Confusion, I shall endeavour to give an Account of those Writers amongst the ''Greeks'',

==40==
==41==
==42==
==43==

==44==
Roscius, took Occasion before the Senate of ''Selencia'' to insult and defame the tender and effeminate Disposition of the ''Romans'', who in the time of War could not disengage themselves of so soft entertainments.

Lucins of Patras, Lucian of Samosata, and Jamblichus, lived very near the same Time, under the Emperors ''Antoninus'', and ''Marcus Aurelius''. The first of them must not be reckoned among Romancers, for he no more than collected some Metamorphoses of the Magical Transformation of Men into Beasts, and Beasts into Men; dealing very simply and fairly, since he believed all that he wrote. ''Lucian''

==45==
with much more Policy and Judgment, relates some part of his Works only to expose and ridicule them, in the Book which he called ''Lucius's Ass''; to intimate that the Fiction was originally his. 'Tis in Effect an Abridgment of the two first Books of ''Lucius's Metamorphosis'' ; and this Fragment lets us see, That ''Photius'' had great Reason to arraign and decry his obscene and smutty Expressions. This ingenious and celebrated Ass, whose History these Authors wrote, was extremely like another of the same Worth and Merit, which ''Photius'' speaks of from ''Damascius'' in this Manner: "This Ass, says he, was the "Best of a Grammarian na-

==46==
med

==47==
added to that which delivers Rules for Compofing a goodHistory; infer that he intended it as an Example of what he had enjoyned, tho`he himself declares in the Entrance of the Work, That he had no father Defign in it, than to expose those Poets, Historians, and Philosophers themselves, who exhibited Fiction for Truth which Impunity; and wrote fuch Relations of Foreign Countries, as Clefias and Jambulus had done.
Now if this be true which Photius affures us, That the Romance of Antonius Diogenes gave rise to these two of Lucian: We must understand that Lucian took Occasion from this, and the fabulous Histories of Clefias and

==48==
''Jambulus'', to compose his own, on purpose to detect and condemn the Vanity and Impertinence of theirs.

About this Time ''Jamblichus'' publish'd his ''Babylonics'', (for that was the Name of it) in which the vastly outdid all who preceded him. For if we may judge of it by the Fragment which ''Photius'' has left us of it, his Design comprehends but one Action, adorned with all necessary Improvements; and attended with Episodes, arising from the principal Subject. He has observed Verisimility most exactly; his Adventures are mixed with Variety without Confusion:

We can find Fault with nothing but want of Art in the Contrivance

==49==
==50==
==51==
==52==
Life Philostratus has writ, among those of the other Sophists. But it is known, that he was Cotemporary with Arcadius and Honorius; and we find in Photius´s Catalogue of the Romancers, who he thought wrote in Imiration of Antonius Diogenes, where he names them in a Chronological Order; he has placed Heliodorus after Jamblichus, and before Damascius; who lived in the Time of the Emperor Justinian.
According to this Account, Achilles Tatius, who wrote a Regular Romance of the Amours of Clitophon and Leucippe, ought to have preceded; tho´I can find no certain Account, to justify my Opinion. Others think him

==53==
==54==
[? unlesbares Wort] Application, to all those who profess the Love of Chastity.
I am afraid I shall be impleaded of Rashness, if I assign the next Place to ''Athenagoras'', under whose Name there goes a Romance, the Title of which is, ''Of True and Perfect Love'', This Book has not appeared in any Language but ''French'', of ''Fumee's'' Translation; who tells us in his Preface, that he had the ''Greek'' Original from Mr. ''de Lamane'', Prothonotary of the Cardinal ''d'Armagnac''; and that he never saw it elsewhere. I almost dare add, 'twas never seen since; for the Name of it was never mention'd that I know of, in Catalogues of any

==55==
==56==
he had a good Opportunity to judge of, because he had the Originals before him. He takes it for a True Story, not understanding the Art of Romances. For my part, tho' I can't pronounce of it in Certainty, because I have not seen the Original in Greek; yet the Reading the Translation, inclines me to think, that he had several sufficient Grounds, to assign the Author of it to be Athenagoras the Apologist. For the Apologist was a Christian; and this speaks of Divinity, after a manner very inconsistent with any, but one of that Profession: As when he makes the priests of Ammom declare, "That there is but One" God; and that every Nation defi-

==57==
==58==
Merchants. That the Gods in the Fable, denoted the different Operations of this Sovereign, and only One Divinity, who is without Beginning, and without End: Whom he calls Obscure, and Dark, because he is Invisible, and Incomprehensible. Farther; the Discourses of the Priests and Merchants, upon the Divine Effence, very much resemble those of Athenagoras, in his Legation. The Apologist was a Priest of Athens; this was an Athenian Philosopher: Both seem Men of Sense, and Learning, and great Penetration into Antiquity.

==59==
But on the other side, we have many Reasons to suspect, not only that this is not ''Athenagoras'' the Christian, but that the Book it self is a mere Forgery. ''Photius'', giving an Exact Acount of the Composers of Romances before his Time, takes no Notice of him at all. Nobody ever saw a Copy of this work in any Library; and that which the Translator made use of, never appear'd since. Besides, he represents the Habitation, Life and Conduct of the Priests and Religious of ''Ammon'', so very like the Convents and Government of our Monks and Friars, that it ill accords with what History informs us,

==60==
of the Time when the Monastic Life began, and when it arrived to Perfection.

Among all this Obscurity what seems most probable to me, is, that 'tis an Ancient Work, but of a later Date than the Apology.

For I observe such a Profound Knowledge, both in Matters of Nature and Art; so great an Intimacy with the Annals of Time past, so many Curious Remarks, not taken from Ancient Authors which are left us, but which relate to, and explain them; so much of the Greek Phrase, which one may discover throughout the Translation; and over all, a certain Character of Antiquity, which cannot be

==61==
counterfeited; that I cant't be persuaded that it is any Production of ''Fumee's'', whose Learning was but indifferent; or that the most Able and Ingenious Person in those Days, could devise any Thing like it. If ''Photius'' hash not mentioned him; how many other Great and Famous Authors have escaped his Cognisance, or his Diligence! If in our Days only one Copy was found, which perhaps is since lost; how many other Exellent Works have undergone the same Destiny! If this fails of giving you Satisfaction, and you'll oblige me to extend my Conjectures, and attempt to find out the Precise Time of its Production; I have nothing left to

==62==
==63==
==64==
==65==
to one Principal Action, follow the Rules of an Heroick Poem ; as ''Athenagoras'' and ''Heliodorus'' have done, tho' not so accurately : But our Old ''French'' have multiplied them without Order, Connexion, or Art. These the ''Italians'' have imitated, borrowing of them their Romances, with their Imperfections. Here we ''Giraldi'' in a worse Error than the former : He endeavours to commend this Vice, and turn it into a Virtue : Whereas, if it be true what himself asserts, that a Romance should resemble a Perfect Body , and consist of many different Parts and Proportions all under one Head ; it follows , that the Principal Action of a Romance should be

==66==
equal Beauty and Eminence, it was as impossible to digest them into one regular body, as it would be to erect a compleat structure with no materials but sand. The applause which the faulty romances of his nation have received, does yet justify him the less: We are not to judge of a performance by the number, but sufficiency of the approbators. Every one assumes to himself the license to judge of, and censure poesie and romance: The sumptuous palaces and common streets are made tribunals, where the merit sof the greatest works receive a supreme decision. There every one shoots his bolt, and boldly prefumes to fet an estimate of

==67==

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Romances.
Greek Romacers; 'tis to be understood, that like him he composed Histories, Fabulous and Incredible, but not Romantic, nor after the manner of Romances: For he related only the Apparations of Spectres, and Goblins, and Events above Nature, either too lightly to be credited, or invented with little Adress, becoming the Atheism and Impiety of the Author.
Two Years after Damascius, was the History of Barlaam and Josophat, composed by St. John Damascenus. Many Ancient Manusscripts ascripe it to John the Sinaite, who lived in the Time of Theodosius; but without Reason, as Billius makes it appear; because the Disputes against the ...

==74==
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==77==
==78==
tho' the Learned of Late Times have commended them for their Elegance and Agreement, joined to a Simplicity proper to the Nature of the Subjects; yet I can observe nothing in it, but that Simplicity, which sometimes declines to Childishness and Impertinence. There is nothing in it of Invention, or Conduct. He begins grosly in the Birth of his Shepherds, and ends with their Marriage. He never clears up his Adventures; but by Machines improper, and ill contrived. His Expressions are so obscene, that one must be somewhat of a ''Cynic'', to read them without Blushing. His Style does not deserve the Commendations.

==79==
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==84==
it to the Rules of the Epopee, and joining those Different Parts into One Compleat Body, which made up the Romances of former Times, without Order or Disposition. Of all the Greek Romancers I have named, they who observed these Rules, are only ''Antonius Diogenes, Lucian, Athenagoras, Jamblichus, Heliodorus, Achilles Tatius, Eustathius'', and ''Theodorus Prodromus''. I don't mention ''Lucius of Patras'', nor ''Damascius'', whom I have not enrolled among the Authors of Romances. ''St. John Damascenus'', and'' Longus'', might easily have reduced their Works under these Laws; but they either were ignorant of them, or despised them I can't affirm any

==85==
==86==
==87==
==88==
==89==

==90==
certain old Author, whose Name I believe you don`t much value, gives us to understand, that their Style was concise and Laconic; but all this doth not evince, that they had nothing of the Romance in them.
This Passage of Ovid makes it clear, that in his Time, the Romans had given Admittance to the Fables of the Sybarties: And he informs us in the fame Book, that the Famous Historian Sisenna had translated it from the Milesian Fables of Aristedes. This Sisenna lived in Sylla`s Time, and was(with Him) of the Great and Illustrious Family of the Cornelians. He was Prator of Sciily and Achaia; wrote the History of his Country; and

==91==
==92==
==93==

Form of a Satyr, of the same Kind which Varro invented, intermixing Prose with Verse, the Serious with the Jocose, and stile with Menippean; because Menippus had before treated of Serious Matters in a Pleasant Style. This Satyr of Petronius fails not to be a True Romance: It contains nothing but diverting and ingenious Fictions; tho' they are sometimes too licentious and immodest. He hides under a Disguise a fine and poinant Railery, against the Vices of Noro's Court. That remains of it, are only some incoherent Fragments, or rather Collections of some industrious Person; so that one can't exactly discern the

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==95==
what very Few understand) is yet much easier to be understood,than practised well. Some say,the Poet ''Lucan'' (who also lived in the Reign of ''Nero'') composed ''Saltic'' Fables; wherein(some think) wererecounted the Intrigous of ''Satyrs'' and ''Nymphs''. This agree well with a Romance, and the Wit of that Age, which was very much inclined to the Amusements of that Art. But since there is nothing left us of it but the title, and that does not clearly express the Nature of the Work; it shall say nothing of it.

The ''Metamorphosis'' of ''Apnleins'', so well known by the Name of the Golden Ass, was com-

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Elegant Episodes; and among others, with that of Psyche, which no one is ignorant of. He has taken no Care to retrench the Smuttiness of the Originals which he followed. His Style is that of a Sophist, full of Affectation and violent Figures; hard, barbarous, and very becoming an African.
Some are of Opinion, that ''Clodius Albinus'', a Pretender to the Empire, who was defeated by ''Severus'', did not disdain this Employment. ''Juslius Capitolinus'' reports in his Life, that there were several ''Milesian'' Fables under his Name in very great Reputation, tho' but indifferently composed: And that ''Severus'' reproached the Senate, that they had

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is attended by them) espouses Philology (which is the Love od Good Letters) he gives her whatever is Excellent in them, for a Nuptial Present: So that it is a continued Allegory, which properly does not deserve the Name of Romance, but rather that of a Fable. For, as I have already observed, a Fable represents Things which never have, or ever can happen; and a Romance takes notice of Things which may, but never have happen'd. The Artifice of this Allegory is not very subtle; he Style is Barbarism it self; so bold and extravagant in its Figures, that they are unpardonable in the most Desperate Poet. Tis disguised with so great an

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These Diverting Histories placed Readers, who were more ignorant than those who composed them. They did not, in those Days, trouble themselves with Researches into Antiquity, and after being informed of the Truth of what they wrote. They had the Stuff in their own Head, and went no farther than their own Invention. Thus Historians degenerated into True Romancers.
In this Age of Ignorance, the Latin Tongue, as well as Truth, was neglected and despised. The Versifiers, Composers, Inventers of Tales, Jesters, and in short, all of this Country who studied what they called Gay Science, began about the time of Hugh

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maintain the Antiquity of these Writers, tho' I have great Authority to do it, because the common and received Opinion would support me. 'Tis certain that the ''Arabians'' were extremely addicted, as I have made appear, to the ''Gay Science'', I mean, Poesy, Fable, and Fiction. This Science was preserv'd in its Primitive Rudeness by them, till it was cultivated and improved by the ''Greeks''. They brought it along with their Arms into ''Africa'', when they subdued it; tho' it had before flourished in that Country: For ''Aristotle'', and after him ''Priscian'', make mention of the ''Libyc'' Fables; and the Romances of ''Apuleius'' and ''Martianns Capella'', both

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both Africans, (of whom I have spoken) threw, that it was the Wit of these people, which very much conduced to fortify the Victorious Arabians in their Inclination.
We are farther inform'd from Leo Afer abd Marmol, that the African Arabians do still passionately love Romantic Poesy; that they celebrate the Exploits of their Bubala in Verse and Prose, as we do those of our Arthur and Lancelot; that their Moabites compose Ditties of Love: That in Fez, on Mahomet's Birth-Day, the Poets have their Assemblies and Public Sports. and repeat Verse to the People : That whoever of them has the Approbation of the Auditors,

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is created Prince of the Poets for that Year: That the Kings of the House of Benimerinis, who have Reigned these Three Hundred Years, and which our Old Writers called Bellemarine, convene on a certain Day every Year the most Able Judges of the City of Fez, and entertain them with a Splendid Feast: after which the Poets repeat their Eulogiums, in Honour of Mahomet: That the King confers on him who excels the rest, a Sum of Money, an Horse, a Slave, and the Robes which himself wore that Day; and that none of them are dismissed without a Reward.

==113==

''Spain'', when it had received the Yoke of the ''Arabians'', learnt with their Manners the Custom of Singing Love-Verses, and Celebrating the Actions of Great Men, after the Institution of the ''Bards'' among the ''Gauls''. But these Songs, which they called Romances, were very different from what properly deserves that Name: For they were Poems composed for Singing, and consequently very concise. Some have made Collections of them; and many of them appear to be so very Ancient, that they can hardly be understood. They have sometimes served to illustrate and explain the histories of that Country, and to reduce the Events to the Order of Chronology.

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to be the first Romance of Chivalry which was printed in ''Spain'', and the Model, and Best of all the other.
''Palmerin'' of ''England'', which some believe was composed by a King of ''Portugal'', met with an Easy Sentence, to be put in a Box like that of ''Darius'', wherein ''Alexander'' kept the Works of ''Homer''. Don ''Belianis'', the Mirror of Chilvalry, ''Tirante'' the ''White'', and ''Kyrie'' ''Eleison'' of ''Montauban''; (for in those Good Old Times it was believed, that ''Kyrie Eleison'', and ''Paralipomenon'', were the Names of some Saints) where the Subtleties of Madam ''Pleasure-of-my-Life'', and the Love and Intrigues of the Widow ''Reposada'', are highly

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among us, to give their Vestments to Poets, which continues to this Day in Use at Fez, confirms this Suspicion: I answer; That it is not impossible that we should receive Rhymes from the Arabians, and in Imitation of them, apply them to Romances. I'll allow farther, that the Inclination we then had for Romances, might be enhanced and sortified by their Example; and that our Art of Romancing (as is probable) was enriched, and improved, by the Communication of Wars we were engaged in with Spain: But all this does not conclude, that we were indebted to them for our Inclination to this Art; since 'twas in

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use with us, before 'twas known among them. This Reason does farther oblige me not to believe, that the Princes of France took the Custom of Divesting themselves of their Garments, in Favour of the Poets, from the Arabian Kings. I rather think, that each of them were affected with the Excellent Works they heard repeated, and could not restrain themselves from dispensing their Liberality immediately, and made use of their Garments, because they were nearest at Hand; as we read of some Saints, who have done the same to the Poor: And that this Custom, which was received into France by Accident,

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with Herbs and Roots; so when the Knowledge of Truth, which is the Proper and Natural Aliment of the Mind, begins to fail, we have Recourse to Falshood, which is the Imitation of Truth. As in Plenty we refuse Bread, and our ordinary Viands, for Ragousts; so our Minds, when acquainted with the Truth, forsake the Study and Speculation of it, to be entertained with its Image, which is Fiction. This Imitation, according to Aristotle, is often more agreeable than the Original itself; so that two oppositely different Paths, which are Ignorance and Learning, Rudeness and Politness, do often conduct uss to the same End; which is, an

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have recourse to what's past, and to come, in Truth and in Fiction, in Imaginary Spaces and Impossibilities, For Objects to exert it sels upon. The Objects of sense fill the Desires of the Soul of Brutes, who have no farther Concern; so that we can't discover in them these restless Emotions, which continually actuate the Mind of Man, and carry it into the Pursuit of a recent Information, to proportion (if possible) the Object to the Faculty; and enjoy a Pleasure, resembling that which we perceive in the Applealing a Violent Hunger, and Extinguishing a Corroding Thirst. This is that which ''Plato'' intends, in the Marriage of Dorus

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and Penia, (in which Terms he would express Riches Riches and Poverty,) which produce exquisite Pleasure. The Object is signified by Riches, which are not so but in Use and Intention; otherwise they are Unfruitful, and afford no Delight. The Faculty is intended by Poverty; which is sterile, and always attended by Inquietud; while 'tis separated from Riches, whereas its Union with them, supplies the Highest Satisfaction. The Case is the same with our Souls: Poverty, the same with Ignorance, is Natural to it; it sighs continually after Science, which is its Riches; and when 'tis possess'd of this Enjoyment, it feels the greatest Pleasure. But this

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tions there find themselves agreeably provoked and appeased.
'Tis hence, that those who act more by Reason than Passion, and labour more with their Imagination than Understanding, are affected by them, tho' these other are touched by them too, but after another manner. These are touched by the Beauties of Art, which amuse the Understanding; but the former, Ignorant and Simple, are sensible of no more than what strikes upon the Imagination, and stirs their Passion. They love the Fiction, and enquire no farther. Now Fiction being nothing but Narrations, True in Appearance, and False in Reality; the Minds of the Simple, who discern only

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and History so far, that they now no longer understand those Works, from which they received their greatest Embellishments: And lest they should blush at this Ignorance, which they find themselves so often guilty of; they perceive they had better disapprove what they don't know, than take the Pains to learn it.
The Men, in Complaisance, have imitated them, condemned what they disliked, and call that Pendantry, which made an Essential Part of Politeness, even in ''Malherbe's'' Time. The Poets, and other ''French'' Writers who succeeded, have been constrained to submit to this Arbitration;

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Cherea, in Terence, fortifies himself in a Criminal Design, at the Sight of a Picture of Jupiter, which drew the Reverence of all other Spectators. Little Regard was had to Sobriety of Manners, in most Part of the Greek and Old French Romances, by Reason of the Vice of the Times in which they were composed. Even the Astrea (?), and some others which have followed, are Licentious. But the Modern Romances (I speak of the Good ones) are so far from this Fault, that you'll scarce find an Expression, or Word, which may shock Chaste Ears, or one single Action which may give Offence to Modesty.
If

==145==
Monsieur D'Vrfee was the first who retrieved them from Barbarity, and reduced them to Rules, in his Incomparable Afirea, The most Ingenious and Polite Work which has appeared in this Kind, and which Eclipsed the Glory which Greece, Italy and Spain, had acquired.
However, he has not discouraged those who come after him, to undertake what he has performed. He has not so far engrossed the Public Admiration, but that some are still left for the many Excellent Romances which displayed themselves in France since His.

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itself against Scrupulous Censures, not only by the Commendations which the Patriarch Photius gives it, but by the great Examples of those who have applied themselves to it, might justify itself by Her's: That that which has been improved by Philosophers, as Apuleis, and Athenagoras; by a Roman Prator, as Sisenna; by a Consul, as Petronius; by a Pretender to the Empire, as Clodius Albinus; by a Priest, as Theodorus Prodromus; by Bishops, as Heliodorus, and Achilles Tatius; by a Pope, as Pius Secundus, who wrote the Loves of Euryalus and Lucretia; by a Saint, as John Damascenus; might have the Ho-

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nour

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[[Category:17th century|1670]]
[[Category:1670s|1670]]
[[Category:By author|Huet, Pierre Daniel]]