Angl-Am - User contributions [en]

2009-10 AM Fictions of India - Expert Group on History

2010-02-01T20:41:13Z

Mirco Zimmermann:

==Expert Group on History==

'''
KIM'''

cf. page 46: Indian Mutiny 1857-8
Indians first war of independence
Result: housecleaning of the Indian administration, the direct rule

cf. page 108: The Big War 1878-1880
Second Afghan war
The first of three Interventions of the British Empire in Afghanistan to save their supremacy and stop the Russian expansion = Great Game

The Great Game was an expression for the battle between Great Britain and Russia for the dominance over Central Asia during 1813 - 1947. It came into mainstream consciousness becasue of the novel.

'''SALMAN RUSHDIE - MIDNIGHTS CHILDREN (1981)'''

Main character: Saleem Sinai (31), born on Midnight of August 15th, 1947, the precise instant of India’s independence from the British. Connected to the fate and history of his country, retells the lives of himself and his family members.

'''Events in (Indian) history''' with connection to the plot:

Book I

Adaam Aziz returns to Kashmir (5) '''Ghandi returns to India in 1915'''

Aadam examines his future wife through a perforated sheet (26) '''WWI'''

Sees her face when she has a headache (28) '''End of WWII'''

They marry and move to Amritzar
Public and peaceful mourning over the continuing presence of the British (37)
'''Protests against the Rowlett Act'''

April 13th 1919: peaceful protests, Aadam sneezes and stumbles, rescued by his nose
'''Jallianwallah Bagh massacre. Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer and his troops open fire on unarmed crowd'''

Marriage of Mumtaz and Nadir Khan (72)
Mumtaz’ illness coincides with…
'''…atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 1945)'''

Matrimony fails '''Failure of “Quit India”-movement'''

August 15th: Birth of Saleem (156) '''“Birth” of India / Indian Independence'''

Book II

Saleem’s birth celebrated by newspapers, politicians (167) Saleem popular as a baby '''Public enthusiasm about independence, Nehru popular'''

Snakes escaping all over the country, perceived as omens, religious warnings (187) '''Nehru announces: “We are a secular state” (187)'''

Saleem’s sister setting fire to shoes, compared to Nasser impeding progress of the world (207) '''Suez Crisis (1956)'''

India: “impoverished, underdeveloped country” (238) '''Need for Western development aid, inefficiency, corruption'''
Social injustices: Wide gap between rich and poor (240)

Saleem “triggering off the violence which ended with the … '''… partition of the state of Bombay” (265-266) - Language Riots 1960'''

Contrary aims, ideologies, philospohies at the Midnight’s Children conference (316) '''Political diversity in India, Communists the largest single opposition (Election of 1957, 307) All India Congress majority party
'''

Conference of Midnight’s Children falling apart,
Saleem looses one finger (352)
Rivalries and loathing among the Children of Midnight – “Mirror of the nation” (353-4)
'''War with China (Sino-Indian War 1962)'''

Exile in Pakistan: at General Zulfikar’s home, Ayub Khan visiting, (commander-in-chief) announces coup, Saleem moves pepperpots in order to illustrate troop movements described by General Zulfikar (402-3) '''Coup in Pakistan in 1958, military takes over control, martial law'''

Saleem’s nose drained '''Ceasefire in Sino-Indian War'''

Saleem dreams about Kashmir, this dream becomes “common property of the nation” (457) Saleem “dreamed Kashmir into the fantasies of our rulers” (471)
“Hidden purpose” of the war: to eliminate Saleem’s family (469)
Sept 22nd: 3 bombs on Rawalpindi…(474)
'''Indo-Pakistani War 1965'''

Book III

Purpose of the war: to re-unite Saleem with an old life (520) '''Second Indo-Pakistani War 1971'''

“On December 16th, 1971, I tumbled out of a basket in to an India in which Mrs Ghandi’s New Congress Party held a more-than-two-thirds majority in the National Assembly.” (538) '''Radical reforms: land reforms; tax structures, education, birth control (551).
1973: Coal-mines & wheat-market nationalized, price of oil spirals up (554).'''

Shiva “explodes” into the ghetto (568); '''May 18th, 1974: India’s first nuclear explosion (568);'''

Parvati´s belly grows (575); '''late 1974: Janata Morcha (the people’s front, opposition) is formed'''

“Janata Morcha grew in all kinds of bizarre directions”, '''wide political spectrum (582);'''

Parvati enters labour (for 13 days) (582); '''June 12th 1975: Indira Ghandi found guilty for malpractice during the election campaign of 1971 (582);'''

June 25th, 1975: Aadam Sinai is born and connected to history (585/586)''' “… Prime Minister was giving birth to a child of her own …” (585) → State of Emergency
'''

Nearly all midnight’s children sterilized (612); '''Sterilization-campaign by Indira Gandhi and her son;'''

'''Postcolonial literatures writing history: Midnight’s Children and the history of India'''

• Central role of history writing especially in the decades of decolonization (1947-1960s)
o One of the principal projects was to assert historical realities and to manifest historical consciousness in writing, often nationalist rhetoric
• More recent texts: sceptical reconsideration, downright parodistic
o Midnight’s Children a prime example:
o Saleem’s link to history can be seen as a parody on the pervasive rhetoric of national destiny and its fulfilment in 1947
o The novel critically examines the myths of post-colonial nationhood

(Döring: Postcolonial Literatures in English, pp. 79f)

2008-09 AM Language Acquisition

2008-11-01T11:57:06Z

Mirco Zimmermann: /* Nov 11th */

<font color=red><big>'''Please open real name accounts: first name, blank, family name, and sign with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> to leave an automatic and verifiable signature'''</big></font> --[[User:Olaf Simons|Olaf Simons]] 18:00, 30 October 2008 (CET)

===Available for Presentation===

==Nov 11th==

*Language Discrimination, Guasti 23-30, 1 group = 2 presenters max.
:*Names: Imke de Vries and Frances Kohl

*The Source of Discrimination, Guasti 30-40, 1 group = 3 presenters max.
:*Names: Christian Kuck, Daniel Mütz, Mirco Zimmermann

*Learning Phonemic Contrasts 1, Guasti 40-46, 1 group = 2 presenters max.
:*Names: Hannah Beuker

*Learning Phonemic Contrasts 2, Guasti 47-54, 1 group = 2 presenters max.
:*Names: Edda Sickinger, Irina Neufeld

==Nov 18th==

*Word Identification 1, Guasti 55-65 inclusive, 1 group = 3 presenters max.
:*Names: Eva-Maria Rolfes and Dörthe Klarmann, Eva Kuhlmann
*Word Identification 2, Guasti 66-74, 1 group = 3 presenters max.
:*Names:Julia Kiemstedt and Miriam Osterloh
*Word Meaning, Guasti 74-80, 1 group = 2 presenters max.
:*Names: Karolin Dettmer and Melanie Niepel
*Acquisition of Verbs, Guasti 80-90, 1 group, = 3 presenters max.
:*Names: Janne Dommel und Janna Schubel
*Bootstrapping of Syntax, Guasti 90-99, 1 group = 3 presenters max.
:*Names:

Pierre Daniel Huet, Traitté de l’origine des romans (1670)

2007-10-30T17:20:37Z

Mirco Zimmermann: /* 125 */

==Editions==
*Pierre Daniel Huet, ''Treatise of Romances'', 1670, first English translation (1672). [http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/anglistik/lit-wiss/intro-to-literature/d/1672_huet__treatise_of_romances.pdf Oldenburg Anglistikserver]
*Pierre Daniel Huet, ''History of Romances'', 1670, translated by Stephen Lewis (1715) [http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?vrsn=1.0&dd=0&locID=bis&b1=KE&srchtp=b&d1=0143100500&SU=All&c=2&ste=10&d4=0.33&stp=DateAscend&dc=tiPG&n=10&docNum=CW110602030&b0=huet&tiPG=1 ECCO] [http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/anglistik/lit-wiss/intro-to-literature/d/1715_huet__history_of_romances.pdf Oldenburg Anglistikserver]
unter diesem [http://www.wiki.uni-oldenburg.de/fk3/angl-am/index.php?title=Pierre_Daniel_Huet%2C_Traitt%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99origine_des_romans_%281670%29&action=history link] könnt Ihr einsehen, wie der nachfolgende Text zusammengebaut wurde.

__NOTOC__

==Text of the English edition published in 1715==

==Short Title==

[ornament] THE| HISTORY| OF| ROMANCES [ornament]

==Title page==

THE| HISTORY| OF| ROMANCES.| AN| Enquiry into their ''Original'';| ''Instructions for Composing them'';| AN| Account of the most Eminent| AUTHORS;| With Characters, and Curious Observations| upon the Best Performance of that Kind.| [rule]| Written in ''Latin'' by HUETIUS;| Made ''English'' by| Mr. ''STEPHEN LEWIS.''| [rule] ——juvat integros accedere fontes,| Atque haurire. ''Lucr.''| [rule]| Rrinted for J HOOKE, at the ''Flower-de-luce'',| and T. CALDECOTT, at the ''Sun''; both against St.| ''Dunstan''’s Church in ''Fleetstreet''. 1715.

==i==

THE

PREFACE.

''THERE is not any Speculation, which affords a more agreeable Pleasure to the Mind, than that of beholding from what Obscure and Mean Beginnings, the most Polite and Entertaining Arts have''

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''risen to be the Admiration and Delight of Mankind. To pursue them up to the most abstruse Fountains, and then to view by what Steps they arise to Perfection; does not only excite an Amazement at their Increase; but an Impatient Desire of Inventing some New Subject, to be improv'd and advanc'd by Posterity.''

''The first Occasion of introducing'' ROMANCE ''into the World, was, without Dispute to mollify the Rigour of Precepts, by the Allurements of Example. Where the Mind can't be subdued into Virtue, by Reason and Philosophy; nothing can''

==iii==
''influence it more, than to present to it the Success and Felicity, which Crowns the Pursuit of what's Great and Honourable. As the'' Poet ''very elegantly alludes to'' Homer;

:Qui quid sit pulchum, quid turpe, quid utile, quid non
:Planius & melius, Chrysippo & Crantore dicit.

''And since in all Ages there were very few real Instances, fit to be proposed for Exact Patters of Imitation; the Ingenious'' Fabulist ''was forced to supply them out of his own Invention.''

==iv==
''Hence it appears, that the Original of'' Romance ''is very Ancient; since this Way of Promoting Virtue has been received in the Earliest Ages; as is evident from the first Records of Mankind. And as it stands very remote from Modern Ages; so, That is found out, must be an High Satisfaction to the Curious in Antiquity.''

''Upon this Account, They are very much indebted to the Labour and Penetration of'' Huetius; ''who has, with great Judgement, traced the Subject he undertook to Illustrate, till he found it in''

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''its Infancy, involved in the Umbrage of'' Fable, ''and perplexed in the Folds of'' Mystery ''and'' Riddle.

''This Task was enjoin'd Him (He informs us)

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''Especially since ''Romance'' has of late convey'd it self very far into the Esteem of this Nation, and is become the Principal Diversion of the Retirement of People of all Conditions.''

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has; This, I presume, is not the first Case, where a Good Design has aton'd for some slight Imperfections in the Prosecution of it.

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Cyrus fubdued them by making Crasus his Captive, with whom he received all Asia Minor into his Subjection. The Persians upon this Success admitted their Manners with their Laws, and mixed their Debauches with those their own Inclinations fupplied them with, and so grew to be the most Voluptuous Nation in the World. They began to refine upon the Pleasures of the Table, by making the Addition of Flowers and Perfumes. They first invented the Ornaments for their houses. The finest Wools, and the richest Tapestries in the World were their Productions. They invented the lascivious Dance, call'd the Ionic; and became so remarkable for Effeminacy,

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But there were the first who corrupted them, and filled them with Lascivious and Amorous Narrations. Their Works are devoured by Time: We hear of no more than ''Aristides'' of them, who was the most Famous of the Romancers, and wrote several Books of Verse, called the ''Milesian'' Fables. I find that one ''Dionyius'', a ''Milesian'', who lived under the Reign of ''Darius'' the First, composed some Fabulous Histories; but since I can't certain wether this was any more than a compiling of Ancient Fables, and can't see sufficient Reason to believe, that they could properly be called ''Milesian'' Fables; I can't number

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'''Romances.'''

with much more Policy and Judgment, relates some part of his Works only to expose and ridicule them, in the Book which he called ''Lucius's Ass''; to intimate that the Fiction was originally his. 'Tis in Effect an Abridgment of the two first Books of ''Lucius's Metamorphosis'' ; and this Fragment lets us see, That ''Photius'' had great Reason to arraign and decry his obscene and smutty Expressions. This ingenious and celebrated Ass, whose History these Authors wrote, was extremely like another of the same Worth and Merit, which ''Photius'' speaks of from ''Damascius'' in this Manner: "This Ass, says he, was the "Best of a Grammarian named"

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to one Principal Action, follow the Rules of an Heroick Poem ; as ''Athenagoras'' and ''Heliodorus'' have done, tho' not so accurately : But our Old ''French'' have multiplied them without Order, Connexion, or Art. These the ''Italians'' have imitated, borrowing of them their Romances, with their Imperfections. Here we ''Giraldi'' in a worse Error than the former : He endeavours to commend this Vice, and turn it into a Virtue : Whereas, if it be true what himself asserts, that a Romance should resemble a Perfect Body , and consist of many different Parts and Proportions all under one Head ; it follows , that the Principal Action of a Romance should be

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equal Beauty and Eminence, it was as impossible to digest them into one regular body, as it would be to erect a compleat structure with no materials but sand. The applause which the faulty romances of his nation have received, does yet justify him the less: We are not to judge of a performance by the number, but sufficiency of the approbators. Every one assumes to himself the license to judge of, and censure poesie and romance: The sumptuous palaces and common streets are made tribunals, where the meritsof the greatest works receive a supreme decision. There every one shoots his bolt, and boldly prefumes to fet an estimate of

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is attended by them) espouses Philology (which is the Love od Good Letters) he gives her whatever is Excellent in them, for a Nuptial Present: So that it is a continued Allegory, which properly does not deserve the Name of Romance, but rather that of a Fable. For, as I have already observed, a Fable represents Things which never have, or ever can happen; and a Romance takes notice of Things which may, but never have happen'd. The Artifice of this Allegory is not very subtle; he Style is Barbarism it self; so bold and extravagant in its Figures, that they are unpardonable in the most Desperate Poet. Tis disguised with so great an

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with Herbs and Roots; so when the Knowledge of Truth, which is the Proper and Natural Aliment of the Mind, begins to fail, we have Recourse to Falshood, which is the Imitation of Truth. As in Plenty we refuse Bread, and our ordinary Viands, for Ragousts; so our Minds, when acquainted with the Truth, forsake the Study and Speculation of it, to be entertained with its Image, which is Fiction. This Imitation, according to Aristotle, is often more agreeable than the Original itself; so that two oppositely different Paths, which are Ignorance and Learning, Rudeness and Politness, do often conduct uss to the same End; which is, an

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have recourse to what's past, and to come, in Truth and in Fiction, in Imaginary Spaces and Impossibilities, For Objects to exert it sels upon. The Objects of sense fill the Desires of the Soul of Brutes, who have no farther Concern; so that we can't discover in them these restless Emotions, which continually actuate the Mind of Man, and carry it into the Pursuit of a recent Information, to proportion (if possible) the Object to the Faculty; and enjoy a Pleasure, resembling that which we perceive in the Applealing a Violent Hunger, and Extinguishing a Corroding Thirst. This is that which ''Plato'' intends, in the Marriage of Dorus

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itself against Scrupulous Censures, not only by the Commendations which the Patriarch Photius gives it, but by the great Examples of those who have applied themselves to it, might justify itself by Her's: That that which has been improved by Philosophers, as Apuleis, and Athenagoras; by a Roman Prator, as Sisenna; by a Consul, as Petronius; by a Pretender to the Empire, as Clodius Albinus; by a Priest, as Theodorus Prodromus; by Bishops, as Heliodorus, and Achilles Tatius; by a Pope, as Pius Secundus, who wrote the Loves of Euryalus and Lucretia; by a Saint, as John Damascenus; might have the Honour

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[[Category:17th century|1670]]
[[Category:1670s|1670]]
[[Category:By author|Huet, Pierre Daniel]]