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=Rhetoric=
A body of rules which serve in order to produce texts ‘according to the rules of art’
A body of rules to produce an artistic text, written or spoken
(either written or spoken)
==Purpose of Rhetoric==
The purpose of rhetoric is to persuade: intellectually (docere) and emotionally (delectare, movere). 
*DOCERE: using LOGOS (appeal to reason) 
*DELECTARE: using ETHOS (appeal to character)
*MOVERE: using PATHOS (appeal to emotion) 
 
==Structure==
A speech, according to the classical pattern, has four parts:
 
#EXORDIUM (prooimion, introduction, Einleitung)
#NARRATIO (diegesis, narration, Erzählung)
#ARGUMENTATIO (pistis, argument, Beweis)
#PERORATIO (epilogos, conclusion, Schluß) 


==Genres of Rhetoric==
==Stylistic Levels==
(Note: one may find different stylistic levels in the same text, their use depends on the desired effect)
 
*GENUS HUMILE: low style, plain style, close to everyday speech, possibly even colloquial. Characteristics: simple, mainly conventional usage, little ‘ornament’, few figures of speech
*GENUS MEDIUM or MIXTUM: middle or mixed style, often used in learned dissertations, designed to “delight” rather than “move” the audience; tends to be used in (some) poetry, in comedy etc. Characteristics: ample use of tropes, embellishments,
*GENUS GRANDE or GRAVE or SUBLIME: high or sublime style, solemn, emphatic, passionate, designed to move the audience, tends to be used in tragedies, eulogies, heroic epics etc. Characteristics: complex syntax, unconventional word order, unconventional figures of speech, rhythmicized language
 
==Traditional Steps for Preparing a Speech==
5 partes artis: 
 
1. INVENTIO: (heuresis, invention, Erfindung)
::a mnemonic verse from the 16th century:
:::Who, what and where, by what help, and by whose:
:::Why, how, and when, do many things disclose
 
2. DISPOSITIO (taxis, arrangement, Anordnung): arrangement  (cf. above ‘structure’)<br>
3. ELOCUTIO (lexis, style, Stil)<br>
4. MEMORIA (mneme, memorizing, Gedächtnis)<br>
5. ACTIO or PRONUNTIATIO (hypokrisis, execution, Vortrag)<br>
 
 
==Genres of Speeches==
{|cellpadding=5|
{|cellpadding=5|
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|bgcolor=#B9EEFF|Topic
|bgcolor=#B9EEFF|Topic
|bgcolor=#efefef|Honour/Dishonour
|bgcolor=#efefef|Honour/Dishonour
|bgcolor=#efefef|Use/Detriment
|bgcolor=#efefef|Advantage/Detriment
|bgcolor=#efefef|Justice/Injustice
|bgcolor=#efefef|Justice/Injustice
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#B9EEFF|Example
|bgcolor=#B9EEFF|Example
|bgcolor=#efefef|Praise, libel, gratulatory texts, ode etc.
|bgcolor=#efefef|Praise (panegyric), libel, gratulatory texts, ode etc.
|bgcolor=#efefef|Political speech, didactical purposes, sermon
|bgcolor=#efefef|Political speech, didactical purposes, sermon
|bgcolor=#efefef|Speech at court, pamphlet, satire, apology
|bgcolor=#efefef|Speech at court, pamphlet, satire, apology
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|}
|}


==Purpose of Rhetoric==
==How to learn Rhetoric==  
The purpose of rhetoric is to persuade: intellectually (docere) and emotionally (delectare, movere).
How to acquire the methods of rhetoric?
*DOCERE: using LOGOS (appeal to reason)
*DELECTARE: using ETHOS (appeal to charactern)
*ARS: command of rhetorical techniques
*MOVERE: using PATHOS (appeal to emotion)
*IMITATIO: imitation of exemplary models
 
*EXERCITATIO: practice
==Levels of Speech==
 
* GENUS HUMILE or SUBTILE: plain style, close to colloquial speech, used in sermons, comedy etc.
* GENUS MEDIUM or MIXTUM: middle or mixed style, used in learned dissertations etc.
* GENUS GRANDE or SUBLIME: high or sublime style, poetic language, designed to move the audience, used in tragedies, eulogies, heroic epics etc.
 
==How to learn Rhetoric==
How to acquire the methods of rhetoric?
*ARS: command of rhetoric techniques
*IMITATIO: imitation of exemplary models
*EXERCITATIO: practice


==System of Rhetoric==
:[source: Heinrich F. Plett, ''Einführung in die rhetorische Textanalyse'', Hamburg ²1973 [1971], 3-22, 102-105.]
5 ''partes artis'':
*INVENTIO: invention
*DISPOSITIO: arrangement
*ELOCUTIO: style
*MEMORIA: commemoration
*ACTIO: execution


==Weblinks==
==Weblinks==
Line 62: Line 82:
[http://www.fernuni-hagen.de/EUROL/termini/1000.htm Rhetorik, Fernuni Hagen]
[http://www.fernuni-hagen.de/EUROL/termini/1000.htm Rhetorik, Fernuni Hagen]


[[Category:Handout]]
[[Category:Handout:Literature and Culture]]

Latest revision as of 09:36, 4 November 2008

A body of rules which serve in order to produce texts ‘according to the rules of art’ (either written or spoken)

Purpose of Rhetoric

The purpose of rhetoric is to persuade: intellectually (docere) and emotionally (delectare, movere).

  • DOCERE: using LOGOS (appeal to reason)
  • DELECTARE: using ETHOS (appeal to character)
  • MOVERE: using PATHOS (appeal to emotion)

Structure

A speech, according to the classical pattern, has four parts:

  1. EXORDIUM (prooimion, introduction, Einleitung)
  2. NARRATIO (diegesis, narration, Erzählung)
  3. ARGUMENTATIO (pistis, argument, Beweis)
  4. PERORATIO (epilogos, conclusion, Schluß)

Stylistic Levels

(Note: one may find different stylistic levels in the same text, their use depends on the desired effect)

  • GENUS HUMILE: low style, plain style, close to everyday speech, possibly even colloquial. Characteristics: simple, mainly conventional usage, little ‘ornament’, few figures of speech
  • GENUS MEDIUM or MIXTUM: middle or mixed style, often used in learned dissertations, designed to “delight” rather than “move” the audience; tends to be used in (some) poetry, in comedy etc. Characteristics: ample use of tropes, embellishments,
  • GENUS GRANDE or GRAVE or SUBLIME: high or sublime style, solemn, emphatic, passionate, designed to move the audience, tends to be used in tragedies, eulogies, heroic epics etc. Characteristics: complex syntax, unconventional word order, unconventional figures of speech, rhythmicized language

Traditional Steps for Preparing a Speech

5 partes artis:

1. INVENTIO: (heuresis, invention, Erfindung)

a mnemonic verse from the 16th century:
Who, what and where, by what help, and by whose:
Why, how, and when, do many things disclose

2. DISPOSITIO (taxis, arrangement, Anordnung): arrangement (cf. above ‘structure’)
3. ELOCUTIO (lexis, style, Stil)
4. MEMORIA (mneme, memorizing, Gedächtnis)
5. ACTIO or PRONUNTIATIO (hypokrisis, execution, Vortrag)


Genres of Speeches

Genus demonstrativum Genus deliberativum Genus iudiciale
Topic Honour/Dishonour Advantage/Detriment Justice/Injustice
Function Praise/Reprimand Admonition/Warning Accusation/Defence
Temporal Reference Present Future Past
Example Praise (panegyric), libel, gratulatory texts, ode etc. Political speech, didactical purposes, sermon Speech at court, pamphlet, satire, apology

How to learn Rhetoric

How to acquire the methods of rhetoric?

  • ARS: command of rhetorical techniques
  • IMITATIO: imitation of exemplary models
  • EXERCITATIO: practice
[source: Heinrich F. Plett, Einführung in die rhetorische Textanalyse, Hamburg ²1973 [1971], 3-22, 102-105.]

Weblinks

Rhetorik, Fernuni Hagen

Retrieved from "https://wiki.angl-am.uni-oldenburg.de/wiki/index.php?title=Rhetoric&oldid=16429"