Revision as of 16:00, 23 April 2007

Tropes (Tropen)

any expression which implies a transference of meaning

explicit/overt comparison, ‘as’, ‘like’. Example: I wandered lonely as a cloud (Wordsworth).

implicit/covert comparison without the usage of 'as' or 'like'. Example: Achilles is a lion in battle (lion= vehicle; Achilles = tenor)

replaces one expression by another, which has a spatial, temporal, or logical connection with it.

Example: I'll have a glass or two.

a part stands for the whole, or vice versa.

Example: The Vatican has commented on recent events.

a set of analogies.

Example: 'Justice' as a woman with sword, balance and eye patch.

an object which is assigned an underlying meaning.

Example: It was the nightingale, and not the lark (Shakespeare, R&J).

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 implicit/covert comparison without the usage of 'as' or 'like'. '''Example''': Achilles is a lion in battle (lion= vehicle; Achilles = tenor)
-*The Concretive Metaphor: something abstract is turned concrete. '''Example''':
-*The Animistic Metaphor: something inanimate is given an animate characteristic, '''Example''':
-*The Humanizing ('Anthropomorphic') Metaphor: something not human is given a human characteristic, '''Example''':
-*The Synaesthetic Metaphor: a mix of different senses, '''Example''':
-*Extended Metaphor: dwelling in the realm of one image. '''Example''': O who shall from this dungeon raise/ A soul enslaved so may ways/ With bolts of bones, that fettered stands/ In feet: and manacled in hands (Marvell).
-*Compound Metaphor: a combination of several metaphors which come from different images but keeping a thread. '''Example''': (Ecclesiastes 12)
-*Mixed Metaphor:  a combination of several metaphors which come from different images, may seem funny or confusing. '''Example''': To be, or not to be: that is the question:/ Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer/ The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune./ Or to take arms agaist a sea of troubles/ And by opposing end them ('''Hamlet''').
 ==Metonymy==